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VACQUERIE, AUGUSTE (1819-1895)

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Originally appearing in Volume V27, Page 834 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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VACQUERIE, AUGUSTE (1819-1895) , See also:French journalist and See also:man of letters, was See also:born at Villequier (See also:Seine Inferieure) on the 19th of See also:November 1819. He was from his earliest days an admirer of See also:Victor See also:Hugo, with whom he was connected by the See also:marriage of his See also:brother See also:Charles with Leopoldine Hugo. His earlier romantic productions include a See also:volume of poems, L'Enfer de l'esprit (184o) ; a See also:translation of the See also:Antigone (1844) in collaboration with See also:Paul See also:Meurice; and Tragaldabas (1848), a See also:melodrama. He was one of the See also:principal contributors to the Evenement and followed Hugo into his See also:exile in See also:Jersey. In 1869 he returned to See also:Paris, and with Paul Meurice and others founded the See also:anti-imperial Rappel. His articles in this See also:paper were more than once the occasion of legal proceedings. After 1870 he became editor. Other of his See also:works are Souvent homme varie (1859), a See also:comedy in See also:verse; See also:Jean See also:Baudry (1863), the most successful of his plays; Aujourd'hui et demain (1875); Futura (1900), poems on philosophical and humanitarian subjects. Vacquerie died in Paris on the 19th of See also:February 1895. He published a collected edition of his plays in 18.79. VACUUM-CLEANER, an appliance for removing dust from carpets, curtains, &c., by suction, and consisting essentially of some See also:form of See also:air-See also:pump See also:drawing air through a nozzle which is passed over the material that has to be cleaned. The dust is carried away with the air-stream and is separated by filtration through screens of See also:muslin or other suitable fabric, sometimes with the aid of a See also:series of baffle-plates which cause the heavier particles to fall to the bottom of the See also:collecting receptacle by gravity.

In the last See also:

decade of the 19th See also:century compressed air came into use, especially in See also:America, for cleaning railway carriages, but it was found difficult to arrange for the collection of the dust that was blown out by the jets of air, and in See also:con-sequence recourse was had to working by suction. From this beginning several types of vacuum cleaner have See also:developed. In the first instance the See also:plants were portable, consisting of a pump driven by a petrol See also:engine or electric motor, and were periodically taken See also:round to houses, offices &c., when cleaning was required. The second See also:stage was represented by the permanent See also:installation of central plants in large buildings, with a See also:system of pipes See also:running to all floors, like See also:gas or See also:water pipes, and provided at convenient points with valves to which could be attached flexible See also:hose terminating in the actual cleaning tools. The vacuum thus rendered available is in some cases utilized for washing the floors in See also:combination with another system of piping connected to a tank containing See also:soap and water, which having been sprayed over the See also:floor by compressed air is removed with the dirt it contains and discharged into the sewers; or in a simpler arrangement the soap and water is contained in a portable tank from which it is distributed, to be sucked up by means of the vacuum as before. In their third stage vacuum cleaners have become See also:ordinary See also:household implements, in substitution for, or in addition to the See also:broom and duster, and small See also:machines are now made in a variety of forms, driven by See also:hand, by See also:foot, or by an electric motor attached to the See also:lighting See also:circuit. In addition to their domestic uses, other applications have been found for them, as for instance in removing dust from printers' type-cases.

End of Article: VACQUERIE, AUGUSTE (1819-1895)

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