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GFRORER, AUGUST FRIEDRICH (1803–1861)

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Originally appearing in Volume V11, Page 915 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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GFRORER, See also:AUGUST See also:FRIEDRICH (1803–1861) , See also:German historian, was See also:born at See also:Calw, See also:Wurttemberg, on the 5th of See also:March ' So written, with a medial mem (re) instead of the final (o). to See also:account for the frequent and periodical See also:production of the necessary See also:heat ; but he has the See also:credit of hitting on what is certainly the proximate cause—the sudden See also:evolution of See also:steam. By See also:Bunsen's theory the whole difficulty is solved, as is beautifully demonstrated by the artificial See also:geyser designed by J. H. J. See also:Muller of See also:Freiburg (fig. 2). If the See also:tube ab be filled with See also:water and heated at two points, first at a and then at b, the following See also:succession of changes is produced. The water at a beginning to See also:boil, the superincumbent See also:column is consequently raised, and the stratum of water which was on the point of boiling at b being raised to d is there subjected to a diminished pressure; a sudden evolution of steam accordingly takes See also:place at d, and the superincumbent water is violently ejected. Received in the See also:basin c, the See also:air-cooled water sinks back into the tube, and the temperature of the whole column is consequently lowered; but the under strata of water are naturally those which are least affected by the cooling See also:process; the boiling begins again at a, and the same succession of events is the result (see R. Bunsen, " Physikalische Beobachtungen fiber See also:die hauptsachlichsten Geisire Islands," Pogg. See also:Ann., 1847, vol.

72; and Muller, " Uber Bunsen's Geysertheorie," ibid., 185o, vol. 79). The See also:

principal difference between the artificial and the natural geyser-tube is that in the latter the effect is not necessarily produced by two distinct See also:sources of heat like the two fires of the experimental apparatus, but by the continual influx of heat from the bottom of the See also:shaft, and the See also:differences between the boiling-points of 186° 225° the different parts of the column owing to 230° 241° the different pressures of the superincum- ° See also:bent See also:mass. This may be thus illustrated: C 249 AB is the column of water; on the right 255° See also:side the figures represent approximately the boiling-points (Fahr.) calculated according to the See also:ordinary See also:laws, and the figures on the See also:left the actual temperature of the same places. Both gradually increase as we descend, but the relation between the two is very different at different heights. At the See also:top the water is still 39° from its boiling-point, and even at the bottom it is 19°; but at D the deficiency is only 4°. If, then, the-stratum at D be suddenly lifted as high as C, It will be 2° above the boiling-point there, and will consequently expend those 2° in the formation of steam.

End of Article: GFRORER, AUGUST FRIEDRICH (1803–1861)

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