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AERATED WATERS
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AERATED See also:WATERS . Waters charged with a larger See also:pro-portion of See also:carbon dioxide than they will dissolve at See also:ordinary atmospheric pressure occur in springs in various parts of the See also:world (see See also:MINERAL WATERS). Such waters, which also generally hold in See also:solution a considerable percentage of saline constituents, See also:early acquired a reputation as medicinal agents, and when carbon dioxide (" fixed See also:air ") became See also:familiar to chemists the possibility was recognized, as by See also:Joseph See also:Priestley (Directions for impregnating See also:water with fixed air . . . to communicate the See also:peculiar Spirit and Virtues of Pyrmont water,1772), of imitating them artificially. Many of the ordinary aerated waters of See also:commerce, however, do not pretend to reproduce any known natural water; they are merely beverages owing their popularity to their effervescing properties and the flavour imparted by a small quantity of some See also:salt such as See also:sodium bicarbonate or a little See also:fruit See also:syrup. Their manufacture on a considerable See also:scale was begun at See also:Geneva so far back as 1790 by See also:Nicholas See also:Paul, and the excellence of the soda water prepared in See also:London by J. Schweppe, who had been a partner of Paul's, is referred to by Tiberius See also:Cavallo in his See also:Essay on the Medicinal Properties of Factitious Airs, published in 1798. Many forms•of apparatus are employed for charging the water with the See also:gas. A See also:simple See also:machine for domestic use, called a gasogene or seltzogene, consists of two strong See also:glass globes connected one above the other by a wide glass See also:tube which rises nearly to the See also:top of the upper and smaller globe. Surmounting the small globe there is a See also:spring See also:valve, fitted to a narrow tube that passes through the wide tube to the bottom of the large globe. To use the machine, the See also:lower See also:vessel is filled with water, and in the upper one, See also:round the See also:base of the wide tube, is placed a mixture, commonly of sodium bicarbonate and tartaric See also:acid, which with water yields carbon dioxide. The valve See also:head is then fastened on, and by tilting the apparatus some water is made to flow through the wide tube from the lower to the upper vessel. The water in the lower globe takes up the gas thus produced, and when required for use is withdrawn by the valve, being forced up the narrow tube by the pressure of the gas. In another arrangement the gas is supplied compressed in little See also:steel capsules, and is liberated into a See also:bottle containing the water which has to be aerated. On a large scale, use is made of continuously acting machinery which is essentially of the type devised by Joseph See also:Bramah. The gas is prepared in a See also:separate generator by the See also:action of sulphuric acid on sodium bicarbonate or See also:whiting, and after being washed is collected in a gas-holder, whence it is forced with water under pressure into a See also:receiver or saturator in which an agitator is kept moving. Some manufacturers buy their gas compressed in steel cylinders. The water thus aerated or carbonated passes from the receiver, in which the pressure may be 100-200 lb on the square See also:inch, to bottling See also:machines which fill and See also:close the bottles; if beverages like lemonade are being made the requisite quantity of fruit syrup is also injected into the bottles, though sometimes the fruit syrup mixture is aerated in bulk. For soda water sodium bicarbonate should be added to the water before aeration, in varying proportions up to about 15 grains per See also:pint, but the simple carbonated water often does See also:duty instead. Potash water, lithia water and many others are similarly prepared, the various salts being used in such amounts as are dictated by the experience and See also:taste of the manufacturer. Aerated waters are sent out from the factories either in siphons (q.v.) or in bottles; the latter may be closed by corks, or by See also:screw-stoppers or by See also:internal stoppers consisting of a valve, such as a glass See also:ball, held up against an indiarubber See also:ring in the See also:neck by the pressure of the gas. For use in " soda-fountains " the waters are sent out in large cylinders. See W. See also:Kirkby, See also:Evolution of Artificial Mineral Waters (See also:Manchester, 1902). Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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