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ARES

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Originally appearing in Volume V02, Page 455 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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ARES , in See also:

ancient See also:

Greek See also:

MYTHOLOGY

mythology, the See also:

god of See also:

war, or rather of See also:

BATTLE

battle, son of See also:

ZEUS

Zeus and See also:

HERA

Hera. (For the See also:

ROMAN

Roman god, identified with Ares, see See also:

MARS.) As contrasted with See also:

ATHENA (the Attic form of the Homeric Athene, also called Athenaia, Pallas Athene, Pallas)

Athena, who added to her other attributes that of being the goddess of well-conducted military operations, he personifies See also:

BRUTE, SIMON WILLIAM GABRIEL (1779–1839)

brute strength and the See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild rage of conflict. His delight is in war and bloodshed; he loves fighting for fighting's See also:

SAKE

sake, and takes the See also:

side of the one or the other combatant indifferently, regardless of the See also:

JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice of the cause. His quarrelsomeness was regarded as inherited from his See also:

MOTHER

mother, and it may have been only as an See also:

ILLUSTRATION

illustration of the perpetual strife between Zeus and Hera that Ares was accounted their son. According to a later tradition, he was the son of Hera (See also:

JUNO

Juno) alone, who became pregnant by touching a certain See also:

flower (See also:

OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid, See also:

FASTI

Fasti, v. 255). All the gods, even Zeus, hate him, but his bitterest enemy is Athena, who fells him to the ground with a huge See also:

stone. Splendidly armed, he goes to battle, sometimes on See also:

FOOT

foot, sometimes in the war See also:

CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot made ready by his sons Deimos and Phobos (Panic and Fear) by whom he is usually accompanied. In his See also:

TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train also are found Enyo, the goddess of war who delights in bloodshed and the destruction of cities; his See also:

SISTER

sister, See also:

ERIS

Eris, goddess of fighting and strife; and the Keres, goddesses of See also:

DEATH

death, whose See also:

FUNCTION

function it is especially to roam the battle-See also:

field, carrying off the dead to Hades. In later accounts (and even in the Odyssey) Ares' See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character is some-what toned down; thus, in the " Homeric " hymn to Ares, he is addressed as the assistant of See also:

THEMIS

Themis (Justice), the enemy of tyrants, and See also:

LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the just. It is to be noted, however, that in this little poem he is to some extent confounded with the See also:

PLANET (Gr. ssXavirrns, a wanderer)

planet named after him (Ares, or Mars). The See also:

PRIMITIVE

primitive character of Ares has been much discussed.

He is a god of storms; a god of See also:

LIGHT

light or a See also:

SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar god; a chthonian god, one of the deities of the subterranean See also:

WORLD

world, who could bring prosperity as well as ruin upon men, although in See also:

time his destructive qualities obscured the others. In this last aspect he was one of the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief gods of the Thracians, amongst whom his See also:

home was placed even in the time of See also:

HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer. In See also:

SCYTHIA (Gr. EKuOia)

Scythia an old See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword served as the See also:

SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of the god, to which yearly sacrifices of See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and horses were made, and in earlier times (as apparently also at See also:

SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta) human victims, selected from prisoners of war, were offered. Thus Ares See also:

DEVELOPED

developed into the god of war, in which character he made his way into See also:

GREECE

Greece. This theory may have been nothing more than an instance of the Greek tendency to assign a See also:

NORTHERN

northern or " hyperborean " home to deities in whose character something analogous to the stormy elements of nature was found. But it appears that the Thracians and Scythians in See also:

HISTORICAL

historical times (See also:

HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus i. 59) worshipped chiefly a war god, and that certain Thracian settlements, formed in Greece in prehistoric times, See also:

LEFT

left behind them traces of the See also:

WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of a god whom the Greeks called Ares. The See also:

story of his imprisonment for thirteen months by the Aloidae (Iliad, v. 385) points to the See also:

CONQUEST

conquest of this chthonian destroyer of the See also:

FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields by the arts of See also:

peace, especially See also:

agriculture, of which the See also:

GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain-fed sons of Aloeus (the thresher) are the personification. In Homer Ares is the See also:

LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover of See also:

APHRODITE

Aphrodite, the wife of See also:

HEPHAESTUS

Hephaestus, who catches them together in a See also:

net and holds them up to the ridicule of the gods. In what appears to be a very See also:

early development of her character, Aphrodite also was a war goddess, known under the name of Areia; and in See also:

Thebes, the most important seat of the worship of Ares, she is his wife, and bears him See also:

EROS

Eros and See also:

ANTEROS

Anteros, Deimos and Phobos, and See also:

HARMONIA

Harmonia, wife of See also:

CADMUS

Cadmus, the founder of the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city (See also:

HESIOD

Hesiod, Theog. 933).

In the See also:

LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of Cadmus and his See also:

FAMILY

family Ares plays a prominent See also:

PART

part. His worship was not so widely spread over Greece as that of other gods, although he was honoured here and there with festivalsand sacrifices. Thus, at Sparta, under the name of Theritas, he was offered See also:

young See also:

DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs and even human beings. The Dioscuri were said to have brought his See also:

IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image from See also:

COLCHIS

Colchis to See also:

Laconia, where it was set up in an old See also:

SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary on the road from Sparta to Therapnae. At See also:

Athens, he had a See also:

temple at the foot of the See also:

AREOPAGUS ("Apews Ilayos)

Areopagus, with a statue by See also:

ALCAMENES

Alcamenes. It was here, according to the legend, that he was tried and acquitted by a See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of the gods for the See also:

MURDER

murder of Halirrhothius, who had violated Alcippe, the daughter of Ares by Agraulos. The figure of Ares appears in various stories of ancient mythology. Thus, he engages in combat with Heracles on two occasions to avenge the death of his son Cycnus; once Zeus separates the combatants by a flash of See also:

LIGHTNING

lightning, but in the second encounter he is severely wounded by his adversary, who has the active support of Athena; maddened by See also:

JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy, he changes himself into the See also:

BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

boar which slew See also:

ADONIS

Adonis, the favourite of Aphrodite; and stirs up the war between the See also:

LAPITHAE

Lapithae and See also:

CENTAURS

Centaurs. His attributes were the See also:

SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear and the burning See also:

TORCH (O. Fr. torche, from Med. Lat. tortia, derived from tortus, twisted, torquere, to twist)

torch, symbolical of the devastation caused by war (in ancient times the hurling of a torch was the See also:

SIGNAL

signal for the commencement of hostilities). The animals sacred to him were the See also:

dog and the See also:

VULTURE

vulture. The worship of Ares being less See also:

general throughout Greece than that of the gods of peace, the number of statues of him is small; those of Ares-Mars, among the See also:

Romans, are more frequent. Previous to the 5th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C. he was represented as full-bearded, grim-featured and in full See also:

ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour.

From that time, apparently under the See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Athenian sculptors, he was conceived as the ideal of a youthful See also:

WARRIOR

warrior, and was for a time associated with Aphrodite and Eros. He then appears as a vigorous youth, beardless, with See also:

CURLY, JEAN NICOLAS (1774-1827)

curly See also:

HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, broad See also:

head and stalwart shoulders, with See also:

HELMET (from an obsolete diminutive of O. Fr. helme, mod. heaume; the English word is " helm," as in O. Eng., Dutch and Ger.; all are from the Teutonic base hal-, pre-Teut. kal-, to cover; cf. Lat. celare, to hide, Eng. " hell," &c.)

helmet and chlamys. In the See also:

VILLA

Villa Ludovisi statue (after the See also:

style of See also:

LYSIPPUS

Lysippus) he appears seated, in an attitude of thought; his arms are laid aside, and Eros peeps out at his feet. In the See also:

BORGHESE

Borghese Ares (also taken for See also:

Achilles) he is See also:

STANDING

standing, his only armour being the helmet on his head. He also appears in many other See also:

groups, with Aphrodite, in See also:

MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble and on engraved gems of Roman times. But before this grouping had recommended itself to the Romans, with their legend of Mars and See also:

RHEA

Rhea Silvia, the Greek Ares had again become under Macedonian influence a bearded, armed and powerful god.

End of Article: ARES

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