Online Encyclopedia

iambic, followed by a dimeter iambic, and it is reported that, although the epode was carried to its highest perfection by Stesichorus, an earlier poet, See also:

ARCHILOCHUS

Archilochus, was really the inventor of this form. The epode soon took a See also:

FIRM

firm See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in choral poetry, which it lost when that See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of literature declined. But it extended beyond the ode, and in the See also:

early dramatists we find numerous examples of monologues and dialogues framed on the epodical See also:

SYSTEM

system. In Latin poetry the epode was cultivated, in conscious archaism, both as a part of the ode and as an See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent branch of poetry. Of the former class, the epithalamia of See also:

CATULLUS, GAIUS VALERIUS (?84-J4 B.C.)

Catullus, founded on an See also:

IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of See also:

PINDAR (Gr. HivSapos, c. 522–443 B.c.)

Pindar, See also:

PRESENT

present us with examples of strophe, antistrophe and epode; and it has been observed that the celebrated ode of See also:

HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace, beginning Quem virum See also:

aut See also:

HERON (Fr. heron; Ital. aghirone, airone; Lat. ardea; Gr. ipw&bs: A.-S. hragra; Icelandic, hegre; Swed. hager; Dan. heire; Ger. Heiger, Reiher, Heergans; Dutch, reiger)

heron See also:

LYRA (" The Harp ")

lyra vel acri, possesses this triple See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character. But the word is now mainly See also:

FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar from an experiment of Horace in the second class, for he entitled his fifth See also:

BOOK

book of odes Epodon fiber or the Book of Epodes. He says in the course of these poems, that in composing them he was introducing a new form, at least in Latin literature, and that he was imitating the effect of the iambic distichs invented by Archilochus. Accordingly we find the first ten of these epodes terminal portions of the ramifications and extend upwards to varying degrees. Thus in a typical acinous gland the cells are restricted to the final alveoli.

The remaining tubes are to be considered mainly as ducts. In tubulo-alveolar glands the secreting epithelium lines the alveus as well as the terminal tubule. The gland cells are all placed upon a See also:

BASEMENT

basement membrane. In many instances this membrane is formed of very thin flattened cells, in other instances it is apparently a homogeneous membrane, and according to some observers is simply a modified part of the basal See also:

SURFACE

surface of the See also:

CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell, while according to others it is a definite structure distinct from the epithelium. In the secretory portion of the gland and in the smaller ducts the See also:

EPITHELIAL, ENDOTHELIAL

epithelial layer is one cell thick only. In the larger ducts there are two layers of cells, but even here the surface cell usually extends by a thinned-out stalk down to the basement membrane. The detailed characters of the epithelium of the different glands of the See also:

BODY

body are given in See also:

SEPARATE

separate articles (see ALIMENTARY See also:

CANAL, &c.). It will be sufficent here to give the more See also:

general characters possessed by these cells. They are cubical or conical cells with distinct See also:

OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval nuclei and granular See also:

PROTOPLASM

protoplasm. Within the protoplasm is accumulated a large number of spherical granules arranged in diverse See also:

MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners in different cells. The granules vary much in See also:

SIZE

size in different glands, and in chemical See also:

composition, but in all cases represent a See also:

STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store of material ready to be discharged from the cell as its secretion. Hence the general appearance of the cell is found to vary according to the previous degree of activity of the cell.

If it has been at See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest for some See also:

time the cell contains very many granules which swell it out and increase its size. The See also:

NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus is then largely hidden by the granules. ,In the opposite See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, i.e. when the cell has been actively secreting, the protoplasm is much clearer, the nucleus obvious and the cell shrunken in size, all these changes being due to the extrusion of the granules. Endothelium and Mesothelium.—Lining the See also:

BLOOD

blood vessels, See also:

LYMPH

lymph vessels and lymph spaces are found flattened cells apposed Endothel- to one another by their edges to form an extremely See also:

tun and thin membrane. These cells are See also:

DEVELOPED

developed from the mesothel- See also:

MIDDLE

middle embryonic layer and are termed endothelium. turn. A very similar type of cells is also found, formed into a very thin continuous See also:

SHEET

sheet, lining the body-cavity, i.e. pleural pericardial. and peritoneal cavities. These cells develop from that portion of the mesoderm known as the mesothelium, and are therefore frequently termed mesothelial, though by many they are also included as endothelial cells. A mesothelial cell is very flattened, thus resembling a squamous epithelial cell. It possesses a protoplasm with faint granules and an oval or See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round nucleus (fig. 12). The outline of the cell is irregularly polyhedral, and the See also:

BORDERS, THE

borders may be finely serrated. The cells are See also:

UNITED

united to one another by an intercellular See also:

CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement substance which, however, is very scanty in amount, but can be made apparent by staining with See also:

SILVER

silver nitrate when the appearance reproduced in the figure is seen.

By being thus united together, the cells form a continuous layer. This layer is pierced by a number of small openings, known as stomata, which bring the cavity into See also:

DIRECT

direct communication with lymph spaces or vessels lying beneath the membrane. The stomata are surrounded by a See also:

SPECIAL

special layer of cubical and granular cells. Through these stomata fluids and other materials present in the body-cavity can be removed into the lymph spaces. Endothelial membranes (fig. 13) are quite similar in structure to mesothelial. They are usually elongated cells of irregular outline and serrated borders. By means of endothelial or surfaces of the parts covered by them are rendered very smooth, mesothelial membranes the composed in alternate verses of iambic trimeter and iambic dimeter, thus: " At o Deorum quicquid in coelo regit Terras et humanum genus," In the seven remaining epodes Horace has diversified the See also:

MEASURES

measures, while retaining the general character of the distich. This See also:

GROUP

group of poems belongs in the See also:

main to the early youth of the poet, and displays a truculence and a controversial See also:

HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat which are absent from his more mature writings. As he was imitating Archilochus in form, he believed himself justified, no doubt, in repeating the sarcastic violence of his fierce See also:

MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model. The curious thing is that these particular poems of Horace, which are really See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short lyrical satires, have appropriated almost exclusively the name of epodes, although they See also:

bear little enough resemblance to the genuine epode of early See also:

Greek literature.

End of Article: EPODE

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.

» Add information or comments to this article.

Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.

Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, f...

[next]
EPONA