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PAULSEN, FRIEDRICH (1846-1908)

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Originally appearing in Volume V20, Page 963 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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PAULSEN, See also:FRIEDRICH (1846-1908) , See also:German philosopher and educationalist, was See also:born atLangenhorn (See also:Schleswig) and educated at See also:Erlangen, See also:Bonn and See also:Berlin, where he became extraordinary See also:professor of See also:philosophy and pedagogy in 1878. In 1896 he succeeded Eduard See also:Zeller as professor of moral philosophy at Berlin. He died on the ,4th of See also:August 1908. He was the greatest of the pupils of G. T. See also:Fechner, to whose See also:doctrine of See also:panpsychism he gave See also:great prominence by his Einleitung in See also:die Philosophie (1892; 7th ed., 1900; Eng. trans., 1895). He went, however, considerably beyond Fechner in attempting to give an epistemological See also:account of cur knowledge of the psycho-See also:physical. Admitting See also:Kant's See also:hypothesis that by inner sense we are conscious of See also:mental states only, he holds that this consciousness constitutes a knowledge of the " thing-in-itself " —which Kant denies. Soul is, therefore, a See also:practical reality which Paulsen, with See also:Schopenhauer, regards as known by the See also:act of " will." But this " will" is neither rational See also:desire, unconscious irrational will, nor conscious intelligent will, but an See also:instinct, a " will to live" (Zielstrebigkeit), often subconscious, pursuing ends, indeed, but without reasoning as to means. This conception of will, though consistent and convenient to the See also:main thesis, must be rigidly distinguished from the See also:ordinary significance of will, i.e. rational desire. Paulsen is almost better known for his educational writings than ' as a pure philosopher. His German See also:Education, Past and See also:Present (Eng. trans., by I.

Lorenz, 1907) is a See also:

work of great value. Among his other See also:works are: Versuch einer Entwickelunggeschichte d. KantischenErkenntnistheorie (See also:Leipzig, 1875) ; See also:Im. Kant (1898, 1899); "Griindung Organization and Lebensordnungen der deutschen Universitaten im Mittelaiter " (in See also:Sybel's Histor. Zeitschr. vol. xlv. 1881) ; Gesch. d. gelehrten Unterrichts auf d. deutschen Schulen and Universitaten (1885, 1896) ; See also:System der Ethik (1889, 1899; Eng. trans. [partial] 1899) ; Das Realgymnasium u. d. humanist. Bildung (1889) ; Kant d. Philos. d. Protestantism= (1899); Schopenhauer, See also:Hamlet u. See also:Mephistopheles (1900); Philosophiamilitans (1900,1901); Parteipolitik u. Moral (1900).

End of Article: PAULSEN, FRIEDRICH (1846-1908)

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