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RAOULT, FRANCOIS MARIE (1830-1901)

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Originally appearing in Volume V22, Page 898 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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RAOULT, See also:FRANCOIS See also:MARIE (1830-1901) , See also:French chemist, was See also:born at Fournes, in the Departement du See also:Nord, on the loth of May 1830. He became aspirant repetiteur at the lycee of Rheims in 1853, and after holding several intermediate positions was appointed in 1862 to the professorship of See also:chemistry in See also:Sens lycee, where he prepared the thesis on electromotive force which gained him his See also:doctor's degree at See also:Paris in the following See also:year. In 1867 be was put in See also:charge of the chemistry classes at See also:Grenoble, and three years later he succeeded to the See also:chair of chemistry, which he held until his See also:death on the 1st of See also:April 1901. Raoult's earliest researches were See also:physical in See also:character, being largely concerned with the phenomena of the voltaic See also:cell, and later there was a See also:period when more purely chemical questions engaged his See also:attention. But his name is best known in connexion with the See also:work on solutions, to which he devoted the last two decades of his See also:life. His first See also:paper on the depression of the freezing-points of liquids by the presence of substances dissolved in them was published in 1878;and continued investigation and experiment with various solvents, such as See also:benzene and acetic See also:acid, in addition to See also:water, led him to believe in a See also:simple relation between the molecular weights of the substances and the freezing-point of the solvent, which he expressed as the " loi generale de la congelation," that if one See also:molecule of a substance be dissolved in too molecules of any given solvent, the temperature of solidification of the latter will be lowered by 0.63° C. (See, however, the See also:article See also:SOLUTION.) Another relation at which he worked was that the diminution in the vapour-pressure of a solvent, caused by dissolving a substance in it, is proportional to the molecular See also:weight of the substance dissolved—at least when the solution is dilute. These two generalizations not only afforded a new method of determining the molecular weights of substances, but have also been utilized by J. II. See also:van't Hoff and W. Ostwald, among other chemists, in support of the See also:hypothesis of electrolytic See also:dissociation in solutions. An See also:account of Raoult's life and work was given by See also:Professor van't Hoff in a memorial lecture delivered before the See also:London Chemical Society on the 26th of See also:March 1902.

End of Article: RAOULT, FRANCOIS MARIE (1830-1901)

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