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NIIGATA
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NIIGATA , the See also:chief See also:town of the See also:province of Echigo, See also:japan. Pop. (1903) 58,821. It lies on the See also:west See also:coast of the See also:island of Nippon, on a narrow See also:strip of sandy ground between the See also:left See also:bank of the Shinano and the See also:sea, which though See also:close at See also:hand is shut out from view by a See also:low range of sandhills. It occupies an See also:area of rather more than 1 sq. In., and consists of five See also:long parallel streets intersected by See also:cross-streets, which in most cases have canals See also:running down the See also:middle and communicating with the See also:river, so that the See also:internal See also:traffic of the See also:city is mainly carried on by See also:water. The houses are, usually built with gables to the See also:street, and See also:roofs and verandas project so as to keep the windows and footpaths from being blocked up by the heavy See also:winter snows. Niigata was originally chosen as one of the five open ports—See also:Nagasaki, Kobe, See also:Yokohama, Niigata and See also:Hakodate—but it failed, chiefly owing to a See also:bar which prevents the entry of vessels See also:groups of three, four, five, &c., up to ten. In the Dialogues the arrangement in such numbered groups is frequent. In an See also:age when books, in our See also:modern sense, were unknown, it was a See also:practical See also:necessity to invent and use See also:aids to memory. Such were the repetition of memorial tags, of cues (as now used for a precisely similar purpose on the See also:stage), to suggest what is to come. Such were also these numbered lists of technical ethical terms. Religious teachers in the West had similar groups—the seven deadly sins, the ten commandments, the four See also:cardinal virtues, the seven Sacraments, and many others. These are only now, since the See also:gradual increase of books, falling out of use. In the 5th See also:century B.C. in See also:India it was found convenient by the See also:early Buddhists to classify almost the whole of their See also:psychology and See also:ethics in this manner. And the Anguttara See also:Nikaya is based on that See also:classification. In the last Nikaya, the Samyulta (The Clusters), the same doctrines are arranged in a different set of groups, according to subject. All the See also:Logia (usually of the See also:master himself, but also of his See also:principal disciples) on any one point, or in a few cases as addressed to one set of See also:people, are here brought together. That was, of course, a very convenient arrangement then. It saved a teacher or See also:scholar who wanted to find the See also:doctrine on any one subject from the trouble of repeating over, or getting some one else to repeat over for him, the whole of the Dialogues or the Anguttara. To us, now, the Samyutla seems full of repetitions; and we are See also:apt to forget that they are there for a very See also:good See also:reason. During the See also:time when the See also:canon was being completed there was See also:great activity in learning, repeating to oneself, rehearsing in See also:company and discussing these three collections. But there was also considerable activity in a more See also:literary direction. See also:Hymns were sung, lyrics were composed, tales were told, the results of some exciting or interesting talk were preserved in summaries of exegetical exposition. A number of these have been fortunately preserved for us in twenty-two collections, mostly of very See also:short pieces, in the fifth or See also:miscellaneous Nikaya, the Khuddaka Nikaya. of any See also:size. The town has been brought within the railway See also:circuit, and the See also:production of See also:petroleum has been See also:developed in the See also:district. Ebisa, on the island of See also:Sado, was opened as a supplementary See also:harbour of See also:refuge, but not as a trading See also:port. There is a large manufacture of See also:lacquer-See also:ware in the town. The See also:foreign See also:trade is entirely in the hands of See also:Japanese merchants. During winter Niigata suffers from a terribly severe See also:climate; the summers, moreover, are excessively hot. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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