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ORDER II
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See also:ORDER II .—THALIACEA See also:Free-See also:swimming pelagic forms which may be either See also:simple or See also:compound, and the adult of which is never provided with a tail or a notochord. The test is permanent and may be either Thallacea. well See also:developed or very slight. The musculature of the See also:mantle is in the Corm of more or less See also:complete circular bands, by the contraction of which locomotion is effected. The branchial See also:sac has either two large or many small apertures, leading to a single peribranchial cavity, into which the anus opens. Blastogenesis takes See also:place from a ventral endostylar stolon. See also:Alternation of generations occurs in the See also:life-See also:history, and may be complicated by polymorphism. The Thaliacea comprises two See also:groups Cyclomyaria and Hemimyaria. Sub-order i.—Cyclomyaria. Free-swimming pelagic forms which exhibit alternation of generations in their life-history but never See also:form permanent colonies. The See also:body is cask-shaped, with the branchial and atrial aper- tures characters at the opposite ends. The test is more or less well of developed. The mantle has its musculature in the form ofCvc1. of circular bands surrounding the body. The branchial sac is fairly large, occupying the anterior See also:half or more of the body. Stigmata are usually See also:present in its posterior See also:part only. The pertbranchial cavity is mainly posterior to the branchial sac. The alimentary See also:canal is placed ventrally See also:close to the posterior end of the branchial sac. Hermaphrodite reproductive See also:organs are placed ventrally near the See also:intestine. This See also:group forms one See also:family, the Doliolidae, including three genera, Doliolum (Quoy and Gaimard), Dolchinia (Korotneff) and Anchinia (C. See also:Vogt). Doliolum, of which about a dozen See also:species are known from various seas, has a cask-shaped body, usually from 1 to 2 cm. in length. The terminal branchial and atrial apertures (fig. 20) are structure oI lobed and the lobes are provided with sense organs. Dololum. The test is very slightly developed and contains no cells. The mantle has eight or nine circular muscle bands surrounding the body. The most anterior and posterior of these form the branchial and atrial sphincters. The wide branchial and atrial apertures See also:lead into large branchial and peribranchial cavities, separated by the posterior See also:wall of the branchial sac, which is pierced by stigmata; consequently there is a free passage for the See also:water through the body along its See also:long See also:axis, and the See also:animal swims by contracting its See also:ring-like muscle bands, so as to force out the contained water posteriorly. Stigmata may also be found on the lateral walls of the branchial sac, and in that See also:case there are corresponding anteriorly directed diverticula of the peribranchial cavity. There is a distinct endostyle on the ventral edge of the branchial sac and a peripharyngeal See also:band surrounding its anterior end, but there is no representative of the dorsal lamina on its dorsal edge. The See also:oesophagus commences rather on the ventral edge of the posterior end of the branchial sac, and runs backwards to open into the See also:stomach, which is followed g1 fn rna m Fig. 18.—Semi-diagrammatic view of Appendicularia from the right. a, Anus. at, One of the atrial apertures. app, Tail. br, Branchial See also:aperture. brs, Branchial sac. dl, Dorsal tubercle. end. Endostyle. _ so, Is, See also:Heart. i, Intestine. sg, m, Muscle band of tail. n, See also:Nerve See also:cord in body. st, n', Nerve cord in the tail. tes, oe, Oesophagus. u, ot, Otocyst. u', ov, pp, ng, ng', ng,, ao` .erid si s . br''s tes k at m'—m8, Muscle bands. pbr, Peribranchial cavity. ng, Nerve ganglion. atl, Atrial lobes. sg, Stigmata. so, Sense organs. sgl, Subneural gland. brl, Branchial lobes. .,11,„1 1. I by a curved intestine opening into the peribranchial cavity. The alimentary canal as a whole is to the right of the See also:middle See also:line. The hermaphrodite reproductive organs are to the See also:left of the middle line alongside the alimentary canal. They open into the peribranchial cavity. The ovary is nearly spherical, while the testis is elongated, and may be continued anteriorily for a long distance. The heart is placed in the middle line ventrally, between the posterior end of the endostyle and the oesophageal aperture. The nerve ganglion lies about the middle of the dorsal edge of the body, and gives off many nerves. Under it is placed the subneural gland, the duct of which runs forward and opens into the anterior end of the branchial sac by a simple aperture, surrounded by the spirally See also:twisted dorsal end of the peripharyngeal band (fig. 20., dt). The ova of the sexual See also:generation produce tailed larvae; these develop into forms known as " nurses," which are asexual, and are Development characterized by the See also:possession of nine muscle bands, D el Dollolum. auditory sac on the left See also:side of the body, a ventrally- of placed stolon near the heart, upon which buds are produced and a dorsal outgrowth near the posterior end of the body. The See also:nurse after producing the buds becomes a degenerate form with very wide muscle bands. The buds' give rise eventually to the sexual generation, which is polymorphic, having three distinct forms, in two of which the reproductive organs remain undeveloped. The buds while still very See also:young migrate from their place of origin on the stolon, See also:divide by fission, and become attached to the dorsal outgrowth of the body of the nurse, where they develop. The three forms produced are as follows. (i) Nutritive forms (trophozooids), which remain permanently attached to the nurse and serve to provide it with See also:food; they have the body elongated dorso-ventrally, and the musculature is very slightly developed. (2) See also:Foster forms (phorozooids), which, like the preceding, do not become sexually mature, but, unlike them, are set free as cask-shaped bodies with eight muscle bands and a ventral outgrowth, which is formed of the stalk by which the body was formerly See also:united to the nurse. On this outgrowth the (3) forms (gonozooids) which become sexually mature are attached while still young buds, and after the foster forms are set free these reproductive forms gradually attain their complete development and are eventually set free and lose all trace of their connexion with the foster forms. They resemble the foster forms in having a cask-shaped body with eight muscle bands, but differ in having no outgrowth or See also:process, and in having the reproductive organs fully developed.' Anchinia, of which only one species is known, A. rubra, from the Mediterranean, has the sexual forms permanently attached to Anc6lnoa. portions of the dorsal outgrowth from the body of the unknown nurse. The body is elongated dorso-ventrally. The test is well developed and contains branched cells. The musculature is not so well developed as in Doliolum. There are two circular bands at the anterior end and two at the posterior, and two on the middle of the body. The stigmata are confined to the obliquely placed posterior end of the branchial sac. The alimentary canal forms a U-shaped See also:curve. The reproductive organs are placed on the right side of the body. The life-history is still imperfectly known. As in the case of Doliolum the sexual generation is polymorphic, and has three forms, two of which remain in a rudimentary See also:condition so far as the reproductive organs are concerned. In Anchinia, however, the three forms do not occur together on one stolon or outgrowth, but are produced successively, the reproductive forms of the sexual generation being See also:independent of the " foster forms " (see See also:Barrois, 27). Sub-order 2.—Hemimyaria. Free-swimming pelagic forms which exhibit alternation of generations in their life-history and in the sexual condition form colonies. Characters The body is more or less fusiform, with the long axis of See also:Hemp antero-posterior, and the branchial and atrial apertures myarla. nearly terminal. The test is well developed. The musculature of the mantle is in the form of a See also:series of transversely-See also:running bands, which do not form complete independent rings as in the Cyclomyaria. These transverse muscles are probably to be regarded as branchial and atrial sphincters which have spread over the body. The branchial and peribranchial cavities form a continuous space in the interior of the body, opening externally by the branchial and atrial apertures, and traversed obliquely from the dorsal and anterior end to the ventral and posterior by a long narrow vascular band, which represents the dorsal lamina, the dorsal See also:blood-See also:vessel, and the neighbouring part of the dorsal edge of the branchial sac of an See also:ordinary Ascidian. The alimentary canal is placed ventrally. It may either be stretched out (ortho-enteric) so as to extend for some distance anteriorly, or—as is more usual—be concentrated (caryo-enteric) to form along with the reproductive organs a rounded opaque See also:mass near the posterior end of the body known as the visceral mass or " See also:nucleus." The embryonic development is See also:direct, no tailed larva being formed. This sub-order contains one family, the Salpidae, includingthesingle Sal ldae. genus Salpa (Forsk$l), which, however, may be divided into two well-marked groups of species—(I) those, such as S. pinnata, in which the alimentary canal is stretched out along the ' For further details see Uljanin (28) and See also:Neumann, Doliolum, in See also:Deutsch. Tief-See Exped. (See also:Jena, 1905).ventral See also:surface of the body, and (2) those, such as S. fusiformis (fig. 21, A), in which the alimentary canal forms a compact globular mass, the " nucleus," near the posterior end of the body. About fifteen species A B A, Aggregated form: em, Embryo; See also:gem, Gemmiparous stolon; m, Mantle; visc, Visceral mass (nucleus). B, Solitary form: i-9, Muscle bands. Lettering as before. altogether are known; they are all pelagic forms and are found in nearly all seas. Each species occurs in two forms—the solitary asexual (proles solitaria) and the aggregated sexual (proles gregaria)—which are usually quite unlike one another. The solitary form (fig. 21, B) gives rise by See also:internal gemmation to a complex tubular stolon, which contains processes from all the more important organs of the See also:parent body and which becomes segmented into a series of buds or embryos. As the stolon elongates, the embryos near the free end which have become advanced in their development are set free in groups, which remain attached together by processes of the test, each enclosing a diverticulum from the mantle so as to form FIG. 22.—Posterior part of " chains " (fig. 22). Each member solitary form of Salpa demo-of the See also:chain is a Salpa of the sexual cratica-mucronata, showing a or aggregated form, and when mature chain of embryos nearly ready may—either still attached to its to be set free. neighbours or separated from them gem, Young aggregated Salpae (fig. 21, A)—produce one or several forming the chain. embryos, which develop into the st, Stolon. solitary Salpa. Thus the two forms m, Muscle band of the mantle. alternate regularly. The more important points in the structure of a typical Salpa are shown in fig. 23. The branchial and atrial apertures are at opposite ends of the body, and each leads into a large cavity, structure of the branchial and peribranchial sacs, which are in free saopa. communication at the sides of the obliquely-running dorsal lamina or " gill." The test is well developed and adheres closely to the surface of the mantle. The muscle bands of the mantle do not completely encircle the body. They are present „gel in ! emb Q. f; a 13 5 6; 7 8 y rn ii b tes emb, Embryo. t', Thickening of test over nucleus. m, Mantle. dl, Gill or branchia. 1, See also:Languet. 1-H, Muscle bands of mantle. dorsally and laterally, but the See also:majority do not reach the ventral surface. In many cases neighbouring bands join in the median dorsal line (fig. 21). The anterior end of the dorsal lamina is See also:pro-longed to form a prominent tentacular See also:organ, the languet, projecting into the branchial sac. The nerve ganglion (which represents the ganglion of the Ascidian along with the subneural gland), dorsal lamina, peripharyngeal bands and endostyle, are placed in their 388 usual positions; but in place of any distinct subneural gland there are two lateral neural glandular masses first described by See also:Metcalf. These have no connexion with the ciliated See also:funnel, but open by lateral ducts into the branchial cavity. Median and lateral eyes are also found in connexion with the ganglion. The large spaces at the sides of the dorsal lamina (often called the gill or branchia of Salpa), by means of which the cavity of the branchial sac is placed in free communication with the peribranchial cavity, are to be regarded as gigantic stigmata formed by the suppression of the lateral walls of the branchial sac. Fig. 23 represents an aggregated or sexual Salpa which was once a member of a chain, since it shows a testis and a developing embryo. The ova (always few in number, usually only one) appear at a very See also:early See also:period in the developing chain Salpa, while it is still a part of the gemmiparous stolon in the body of the solitary Sal pa. This gave rise to the view put forward by See also:Brooks (25), that the ovary really belongs to the solitary Sal pa, which is therefore a See also:female producing a series of See also:males by asexual gemmation, and depositing in each of these an ovum, which will afterwards, when fertilized, develop in the body of the male into a solitary or female Salpa. This See also:idea would of course entirely destroy the view that Salpa is an example of alternation of generations. The sexual or chain Salpa, although really hermaphrodite, is always protogynous; i.e. the female elements or ova are produced at an earlier period than the male organ or testis. This prevents self-fertilization. The ovum is fertilized by the spermatozoa of an older Salpa be- longing to another chain, and the advanced in its development before the testis tis far formed. of Snips. Follicular cells, known as kalymmocytes, migrate into the ovum and for a See also:time See also:play an important part in moulding the development and nourishing the blastomeres. At an early period in its development a part of the embryo becomes separated off, along with a part of the wall of the cavity in which it lies, to form the " See also:placenta," in which the embryonic and the maternal blood streams circulate in close proximity (or actually coalesce during one period) and so allow of the passage of nutriment to the developing embryo. At a somewhat later See also:stage a number of cells placed at the posterior end of the body alongside the future nucleus become filled up with oil-globules to form a mass of nutrient material—the elaeoblast—which is used up later on in the development. Many suggestions have been made as to the homology of the elaeoblast. The most probable is that it is the disappearing rudiment of the tail found in the larval condition of most Ascidians. Addendum. The family Octacnemidae includes the single remarkable genus Octacnemus, found during the " Challenger " expedition, and first Oatecne- described by Moseley (29). It is now known in both a mldse. solitary and an aggregated form, and was regarded by Herdman as a deep-See also:sea representative of the pelagic Salpidae, possibly fixed; or, better, as related to the See also:primitive fixed forms from which Salpidae have been derived. Metcalf, however, has shown that the aggregated form of 0. patagoniensis, which he has described, is more nearly related to the Clavelinidae amongst Ascidiacea. The body is somewhat discoid, with its margin pro-longed to form eight tapering processes (fig. 24), on to which the muscle bands of the mantle are continued. The alimentary canal A m At A, Solitary form (after Herdman). B, Aggregated form (after Metcalf). a, Anus. m, Mouth. At, Atrial aperture. ce, Oesophagus. br.s, Branchial sac. p.br, Peribranchial cavity. g.s, Gill slit. st, Stolon. forms a compact nucleus (fig. 24, A); the endostyle is very See also:short; and the dorsal lamina is also reduced. The See also:reproduction and life-history are entirely unknown. Octacnemus bythius was found by the " Challenger " expedition in the See also:South Pacific at depths of 1070 and 216o fathoms, and Metcalf has since described a new species, 0. patagoniensis from 1050 fathoms off the Patagonian See also:coast, in which there is an aggregated form (fig. 24, B) consisting of individuals united by a stolon composed of test and body-walls. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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