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water, and gave it the name ozone (Gr. og"ecv, to smell). Ozone mixed with an excess of oxygen is obtained by submitting dry oxygen to the silent electric See also:

DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge [at the temperature of liquid See also:

air, E. Briner and E. See also:

Durand (Comptes rendus, 1907, 145, p. 1272) obtained a 9o% yield]; by the See also:

ACTION

action of See also:

FLUORINE (symbol F, atomic weight 19)

fluorine on water at o° C.

(H. See also:

MOISSAN, HENRI (1852-1907)

Moissan, Comptes rendus, 1899, 129, p. S70); by the action of concentrated sulphuric See also:

ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid or See also:

BARIUM (symbol Ba, atomic weight 137'37 [0=16])

barium peroxide or on other peroxides and salts of peracids (A. v. See also:

BAEYER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF VON (1835– )

Baeyer and V. Villiger, Ber. Igor, 34, p. 355) ; by passing oxygen over some heated metallic oxides, and by distilling See also:

POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium permanganate with concentrated sulphuric acid in vacuo. It is also formed during many processes of slow oxidation. For a description of the various forms of ozonizers used on the large See also:

scale see N. See also:

OTTO

Otto, Rev. gen. de chemie pure et appliquee, 1900, ii. p. 405; W. Elworthy, Elekt.

Zeits., 1904, ii. p. 1), and H. Guilleminot (Comptes rendus, 1903, 136, p. 1653). Ozone is also produced by the action of See also:

CATHODE

cathode and ultra-See also:

VIOLET

violet rays on oxygen. These methods of preparation give an ozone diluted with a considerable amount of unaltered oxygen; A. Ladenburg (Ber. 1898, 31, pp. 2508, 2830) succeeded in liquefying ozonized oxygen with liquid air and then by fractional evaporation obtained a liquid containing between 8o and 90% of ozone. Ozone is a colourless gas which possesses a characteristic smell. When strongly cooled it condenses to an See also:

INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo See also:

BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue liquid which is extremely explosive (see LIQUID GASES). In ozonizing oxygen the See also:

VOLUME

volume of the gas diminishes, but if the gas be heated to about 300° C, it returns to its See also:

ORIGINAL

original volume and is found to be nothing but oxygen.

The same See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of ozone into oxygen may be brought about by contact with See also:

PLATINUM [symbol Pt, atomic weight 145.0 (0=16)]

platinum See also:

black and other substances. Ozone is only very slightly soluble in water. It is a most powerful oxidizing See also:

AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent, which rapidly attacks organic See also:

MATTER

matter (hence in preparing the gas, See also:

RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber connexions must not be used, since they are instantly destroyed), bleaches See also:

VEGETABLE

vegetable colouring matters and acts rapidly on most metals. It liberates See also:

IODINE (symbol I, atomic weight '26.92)

iodine from solutions of potassium iodide, the reaction in neutral See also:

SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution proceeding thus: 03+2KI+See also:

H2O (combined)

H2O=02+I2+2KHO, whilst in acid solution the decomposition takes the following course: 403+10HI 5I2+H2O2+4H2O+302 (A. Ladenburg, Ber. 19or, 34, p. 1184). Ozone is decomposed by some metallic oxides, with regeneration of oxygen. It combines with many unsaturated See also:

CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon compounds to See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form ozonides (C. Harries, Ber. 1904, 37, pp. 839 et seq.).

The constitution of ozone has been determined by J. L. Soret (Ann. chima phys., 1866 [4], 7, p. 113; 1868 [4], 13, p. 257), who showed that the diminution in volume when ozone is absorbed from ozonized oxygen by means of oil of See also:

TURPENTINE (in M. Eng. turbentine, adapted through the O. Fr. turbentine or terebentine from Lat. terebinthina, sc. resina, resin of the terebinth, Gr. eepiOtvOos or eippavOos)

turpentine is twice as See also:

GREAT

great as the increase in volume observed when ozone is reconverted into oxygen on See also:

HEATING

heating. This points to the gas possessing the molecular See also:

formula 03. See also:

CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

Confirmation was obtained by comparing the See also:

RATE

rate of See also:

DIFFUSION (from the Lat. diffundere; dis-, asunder, and fundere, to pour out)

diffusion of ozone with that of See also:

CHLORINE (symbol Cl, atomic weight 35`46 (0=16)

chlorine, which gave 24.8 as the value for the See also:

DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density of ozone, consequently the molecular formula must be 03 (cf. B. C. See also:

Brodie, Phil. Trans., 1872, pt. ii. p. 435).

More recently A. Ladenburg (Ber. 1901, 34, p. 631) has obtained as a mean value for the molecular See also:

WEIGHT

weight the number 47.78, which corresponds with the above molecular formula. Ozone is used largely for sterilizing water. The sixteenth See also:

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of the See also:

ENGLISH

English See also:

ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet, the fifteenth See also:

PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

Pin the Latin and the sixteenth in the See also:

Greek alphabet, the latter in its See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary form having the See also:

SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol for x before o. In the Phoenician alphabet, from which the Western alphabets are directly or indirectly derived, its shape, written from right to See also:

LEFT

left, is 9. In the Greek alphabet, when written from left to right, it takes the form P or El, the second form being much rarer in See also:

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions than the first. Only very rarely and only in inscriptions of the 7th and 6th centuries B.C. are rounded forms f , fl found. In See also:

Italy the See also:

ETRUSCAN

Etruscan and Umbrian form 1 (written from right to left), though more angular than the Phoenician symbol, resembles it more closely than it does the Greek. The earliest See also:

ROMAN

Roman form—on the inscription found in the See also:

FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum in 1899—is Greek in shaper] , though the second See also:

leg is barely visible. The Oscan 11 is identical with the rarer Greek form.

As See also:

time goes on the Roman form becomes more and more rounded P, but not till Imperial times is the semi. ircle completed so as to form the symbol in the shape which it still retains P. The Semitic name Pe became in Greek.1rei, and has in the course of ages changed but little. The See also:

sound of p throughout has been that of the breached labial stop, as in the English pin. At the end of English words like See also:

LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip the breath is audible after the consonant, so that the sound is rather that of the See also:

ancient Greek do, i.e. p-h, not f, as 4, is ordinarily now pronounced. This sound is found initially also in some dialects of English, as in the Irish See also:

PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation of See also:

pig as p-hig. For a remarkable interchange between p and qu sounds which is found in many See also:

LANGUAGES

languages, see under Q. (P.

End of Article: OZONE

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