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PHILARET [THEODORE NIKITICH ROIIANOV]...
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See also:PHILARET [See also:THEODORE NIKITICH ROIIANOV] (? 1553–1633) ,
See also:patriarch of See also:Moscow, was the second son of the See also:boyar Nikita Romanovich. During the reign of his first See also:cousin Theodore I. (1584-1598), Theodore See also:Romanov distinguished himself both as a soldier and a diplomatist, fighting against the Swedes in 1590, and conducting negotiations with the ambassadors of the See also:emperor See also:Rudolph II. in 1593-1594. On the See also:death of the childless See also:tsar, he was the popular See also:candidate for the vacant See also:throne; but he acquiesced in the See also:election of Boris Godunov, and shared the disgrace of his too-powerful See also:family three years later, when Boris compelled both him and his wife, See also:Xenia Chestovaya, to take monastic vows under the names of Philaret and Martha respectively. Philaret was kept in the strictest confinement in the Antoniev monastery, where he was exposed to every conceivable indignity; but when the pseudo-See also:Demetrius overthrew the Godunovs he released Philaret and made him See also:metropolitan of Rostov (1605). In 1609 Philaret See also:fell into the hands of pseudo-Demetrius II., who named him patriarch of all See also:Russia, though his See also:jurisdiction only extended over the very limited See also:area which acknowledged the impostor. From 16ro-1618 he was a prisoner in the hands of the See also:Polish See also: Theoretically they were co-regents, but Philaret frequently transacted affairs of See also:state without consulting the tsar. He replenished the See also:treasury by a more equable and rational See also:system of assessing and See also:collecting the taxes. His most important domestic measure was the chaining of the peasantry to the See also:soil, a measure directed against the ever increasing See also:migration of the down-trodden See also:serfs to the See also:steppes, where they became freebooters instead of tax-payers. The See also:taxation of the tsar's slyuzhnuie lyudi, or military tenants, was a first step towards the proportional taxation of the hitherto privileged classes. Philaret's zeal for the purity of orthodoxy sometimes led him `into excesses: but he encouraged the publication of theological See also:works, formed the See also:nucleus of the subsequently famous Patriarchal Library, and commanded that every See also:archbishop should establish a See also:seminary for the See also:clergy, himself setting the example. Another See also:great service rendered by Philaret to his See also:country was the reorganization of the See also:Muscovite See also:army with the help of See also:foreign See also:officers. His death in See also:October 1633 put an end to the Russo-Polish See also:War (1632–33), withdrawing the strongest prop from an executive feeble enough even when supported by all the See also:weight of his authority. See R. N. See also:Bain, The First Romanovs (See also:London, 1905) ; S. M. Solovev, Hist. of Russia (Rus.), vol. ix. (St Petersb. 1895, &c.) (R. N. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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