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See also:SPHERES OF See also:INFLUENCE . " Spheres of influence," " spheres of See also:action," " spheres of See also:interest," " zones of influence,"
" See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field of operations," " Machtsphare," " Interes,.en-DeNnklona. sphare," are phrases in See also:international See also:law which have come into use to describe regions as to which nations have agreed that one or more of them shall have exclusive See also:liberty of action. These phrases became See also:common after 1882, when the ' " scramble for See also:Africa " began, to describe See also:diplomatic arrangements with respect to it. Some See also:definitions may be quoted—when secretary of See also:state for the colonies, See also:Lord See also:Knutsford, replying to a deputation in 189o, said: " `See also:Sphere of action ' is a See also:term I do not wish to define now; but it amounts to this: we should not allow the Portuguese, Germans, or any See also:foreign nation or See also:republic to See also:settle down and annex the territory
(quoted in See also:Keane's Compendium of See also:Geography, i. 21). " The term ` sphere of influence ' implies an engagement between two states that one of them will abstain from interfering or exercising influences within certain territories which, as between the contracting parties, are reserved for the operation of the other " (Ilbert, See also:Government of See also:India, 2nd ed., p. 370). " Inter ` Interessensphare' See also:oder ` Machtsphare' versteht See also:man namlich das auf Grund von Vereinbarungen unter den betheiligten Kolonialstaaten abgegrenzte Gebiet, innerhalb dessen ein Staat ausschliesslich berechtigt ist, See also:seine koloniale Herrschaft durch Besitzergreifung oder Abschluss von Protectoratsvertragen zu begrunden, oder doch einen See also:fur See also:die in diesem Gebiete vorhandenen Volkerschaften massgebenden politischen Einfluss auszuuben " (Stengel, Die deutschen Schutzgebiete, p. 18). " The term ` sphere of influence or sphere of interest ' has been given an extended meaning by See also:recent developments. Formerly it was used to signify a region wherein a nation, through its citizens, had acquired commercial or See also:industrial interests without having asserted any See also:political See also:protectorate or See also:suzerainty. To-See also:day, as used in See also:China and elsewhere, the term applies rather to a region pre-empted for further exploitation and possibly for political See also:control " (Dr Reinisch's Politics, pp. 6o, 61). " A portion of a non-See also:Christian or uncivilized See also:country which is the subject of diplomatic arrangements between See also:European states, but has not yet See also:developed into a protectorate " (Jenkyn's See also:British See also:Rule and See also:Jurisdiction beyond the Seas),. See also See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall, 6th ed., 129.
The reasons for making these arrangements are to be explained partly by reference to the See also:history of international law as to occupation. The See also:Roman jurists recognized certain " natural modes " of acquiring See also:property, in particular traditio and occupato.
End of Article: SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
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