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ACIDALIUS, VALENS (1567-1595)

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Originally appearing in Volume V01, Page 147 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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ACIDALIUS, See also:VALENS (1567-1595) , See also:German See also:scholar and critic, was See also:born at Wittstock in See also:Brandenburg. After studying at See also:Rostock, Greifswald and See also:Helmstedt, and residing about three years in See also:Italy, he settled at See also:Breslau, where he is said to have embraced the See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:religion. See also:Early in 1595 he accepted an invitation to See also:Neisse, about fifty See also:miles from Breslau, where he died of See also:brain See also:fever on the 25th of May, at the See also:age of twenty-eight. His excessive application to study, and the attacks made upon him in connexion with a pamphlet of which he was reputed the author, doubtless hastened his premature end. Acidalius wrote notes on Velleius Paterculus (1590), See also:Curtius (1594), the panegyrists, See also:Tacitus and See also:Plautus, published after his See also:death. See Leuschner, Commentatio de A. V. Vita, Moribus, et Scriptis (1757); F. See also:Adam, " Der Neisser Rektor," in Bericht der Philomathie in Neisse (1872). See also:ACID-AMIDES, chemical compounds which may be considered as derived from See also:ammonia by replacement of its See also:hydrogen with acidyl residues, the substances produced being known as See also:primary, secondary or See also:tertiary amides, according to the number of hydrogen atoms replaced. Of these compounds, the primary amides of the type R.CO.See also:NH2 are the most important. They may be prepared by the dry See also:distillation of the ammonium salts of the acids (A.

W. See also:

Hofmann, Ber., 1882, 15, p. 977), by the partial See also:hydrolysis of the nitriles, by the See also:action of ammonia or ammonium carbonate on acid chlorides or anhydrides, or by See also:heating the See also:esters (q.v.) with ammonia. They are solid crystalline compounds (formamide excepted) which are at first soluble in See also:water, the solubility, however, decreasing as the See also:carbon content of the See also:molecule increases. They are easily hydrolysed, breaking up into their components when boiled with acids or alkalies. They See also:form compounds with hydrochloric acid when this See also:gas is passed into their ethereal See also:solution; these compounds, however, are very unstable, being readily decomposed by water. On the other See also:hand, they show faintly acid properties since the hydrogen of the amido See also:group can be replaced by metals to give such compounds as See also:mercury acetamide (CH3CONH)2Hg. Nitrous acid decomposes them, with elimination of See also:nitrogen and the formation of the corresponding acid, RCO•NH2+ONOH = R•COOH+N2+See also:H2O. When distilled with phosphoric anhydride they yield nitriles. By the action of See also:bromine and alcoholic potash on the amides, they are converted into See also:amines containing one carbon See also:atom less than the See also:original See also:amide, a reaction which possesses See also:great theoretical importance (A. W. Hofmann), R•CONH2 -~ R•CONHBr .

R•NH2+K2COa+KBr+H20. Formamide, H.CONH2, is a liquid readily soluble in water, boiling at about 195° C. with partial decomposition. Acetamide, CH3•CONH2, is a See also:

white deliquescent crystalline solid, which melts at 82-83° C. and boils at 222° C. It is usually prepared by distilling ammonium acetate. It is readily soluble in water and See also:alcohol, but insoluble in See also:ether. Benzamide, C5H5•CONH2, crystallizes in leaflets which melt at 13o° C. It is prepared by the action of ammonium carbonate on benzoyl chloride. It yields a See also:silver See also:salt which with See also:ethyl iodide forms benzimidoethyl ether, C6H5C : (NH)•OC2H5, a behaviour which points to the silver salt as being derived from the tautomeric imidobenzoic acid, C6H5C : (NH).OH (J. Tafel, Ber., 189o, 23, p. 104). On the preparation of the substituted amides from the corresponding sodamides see A. W.

Titherley (Journ. Chem. See also:

Soc., 1901, 59, p. 391). The secondary and tertiary amides of the types (RCO),NH and (RCO)3N may be prepared by heating the primary amides or the nitriles with acids or acid anhydrides to zoo° C. Thiamides of the type R•CSNHI are known, and result by the addition of sulphuretted hydrogen to the nitriles, or by the action of See also:phosphorus pentasulphide on the acid-amides. They readily decompose on heating, and are easily hydrolysed by alkalies; they possess a somewhat more acid See also:character than the acid-amides.

End of Article: ACIDALIUS, VALENS (1567-1595)

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