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ANTIBES

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Originally appearing in Volume V02, Page 121 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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ANTIBES , a seaport See also:

TOWN

town in the See also:

French See also:

DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the Alpes-Maritimes (formerly in that of the See also:

Var, but transferred after the Alpes-Maritimes department was formed in 1860 out of the See also:

COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

NICE

Nice). Pop. (1906) of the town, 5730; of the See also:

commune, 11,753. It is 122 m. by See also:

RAIL

rail S.W. of Nice, and is situated on the E. See also:

side of the Garoupe See also:

peninsula. It was formerly fortified, but all the ramparts (See also:

SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the Fort Carne, built by See also:

VAUBAN

Vauban) have now been demolished, and a new town is rising on their site. There is a tolerable See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, with a ;considerable fishing See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry. The See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal exports are dried fruits, See also:

salt See also:

fish I and oil. Much perfume distilling is done here, as the surrounding regnabit See also:

QUERN

quern non sperant. The roots of this eschatological See also:

FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy are to be sought perhaps still deeper in a purely mythological and speculative expectation of a See also:

BATTLE

battle at the end of days between See also:

God and the See also:

DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil, which has no reference whatever to See also:

HISTORICAL

historical occurrences. This See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea has its See also:

ORIGINAL

original source in the apocalypses of See also:

IRAN

Iran, for these are based upon the conflict between Ahura-Mazda (Auramazda, See also:

ORMAZD, or ORMUZD (O. Persian Auramazda or Ahuramazda)

Ormazd) and Angro-Mainyush (See also:

AHRIMAN (Gr. 'Apecµavios in Aristotle, or 'Apeiµav+7s in Agathias; in the Avesta, Angr3 Mainyush)—" the Destructive Spirit ")

Ahriman) and its consummation at the end of the See also:

WORLD

world. This Iranian See also:

DUALISM (from rare Lat. dualis, containing two, from duo)

dualism is proved to have penetrated into the See also:

LATE

late Jewish See also:

eschatology from the beginning of the tst See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century before See also:

Christ, and did so probably still earlier. Thus the opposition between God and the devil already plays a See also:

PART

part in the Jewish groundwork of the Testaments of the Patriarchs, which was perhaps composed at the end of the See also:

period of the See also:

Maccabees.

In this the name of the devil appears, besides the usual See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form ( Qaravas, &ajioXos), especially as Belial (Beliar, probably, from Ps. xviii. 4, where the See also:

rivers of Belial are spoken of, originally a god of the under-world), a name which also plays a part in the See also:

ANTICHRIST (avrixpu ros)

Antichrist tradition. In the See also:

Ascension of See also:

Moses we already hear, at the beginning of the description of the latter See also:

time (x. I): " And then will God's See also:

RULE

rule be made See also:

MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest over all his creatures, then will the devilhave an end " (cf. Matt. xii. 28; See also:

Luke xi. 2o; See also:

John xii. 31, xiv. 3o, xvi. 11).1 This conception of the strife of God with the devil was further interwoven, before its introduction into the Antichrist myth, with another idea of different origin, namely, the myth derived from the Babylonian See also:

religion, of the battle of the supreme God (See also:

MARDUK (Bib'. MERODACH2)

Marduk) with the See also:

DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon of See also:

CHAOS

chaos (Tiamat), originally a myth of the origin of things which, later perhaps, was changed into an eschatological one, again under Iranian See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence .2 Thus it comes that the devil, the opponent of God, appears in the end often also in the form of a terrible dragon-See also:

monster; this appears most clearly in Rev. xii. Now it is possible that the whole conception of Antichrist has its final roots in this already complicated myth, that the form of the mighty adversary of God is but the See also:

EQUIVALENT

equivalent in human form of the devil or of the dragon of chaos. In any See also:

case, however, this myth has exercised a formative influence on the conception of Antichrist.

For only thus can we explain how his figure acquires numerous superhuman and ghostly traits, which cannot be explained by any particular historical phenomenon on which it may have been based. Thus the figure of See also:

ANTIOCHUS

Antiochus IV. has already become superhuman, when in See also:

Dan. viii. to, it is said that the little See also:

horn " waxed See also:

GREAT

great, even to the See also:

HOST

host of See also:

HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven; and See also:

CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast down some of the host and of the stars to the ground." Similarly See also:

POMPEY

Pompey, in the second See also:

PSALM (from the Gr. word * hXAew, to play the harp)

psalm of See also:

Solomon, is obviously represented as the dragon of chaos, and his figure exalted into myth. Without this See also:

ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption of a continual infusion of mythological conceptions, we cannot understand the figure of Antichrist. Finally, it must be mentioned that Antichrist receives, at least in the later See also:

SOURCES

sources, the name originally proper to the devil himself .3 From the See also:

Jews, See also:

CHRISTIANITY

Christianity took over the idea. It is See also:

PRESENT

present quite unaltered in certain passages, specifically traceable to Judaism, e.g. (Rev. xi.). " The Beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless See also:

PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit " and, surrounded by a mighty host of nations, slays the " two witnesses " in See also:

Jerusalem, is the entirely super-human Jewish conception of Antichrist. Even if the beast (ch. xiii.), which rises from the See also:

sea at the See also:

SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons of the devil, be interpreted as the See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

EMPIRE

empire, and, specially, as any particular Roman ruler, yet the original form of the malevolent See also:

TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant of the latter time is completely preserved. A fundamental See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of the whole idea from the specifically See also:

Christian point of view, then, is signified by the conclusion of ch. ii. of the Second See also:

EPISTLE

Epistle to the See also:

THESSALONIANS, EPISTLES TO THE

Thessalonians.' There can, of course, be no doubt as to the identity of the " See also:

man of See also:

sin, See further, Bousset, Religion See also:

des Judentums, ed. ii. pp. 289 &c., 381 &c., 585 &c. 2 See Gunkel, Schopfung and Chaos (1893). 2 It is, of course, uncertain whether this phenomenon already occurs in 2 See also:

Cor. vi.

15, since here Belial might still be Satan; cf. however, Ascensio Jesaiae iv. 2 &c. ; Sibyll. iii. 63 &c., ii. 167 &c. ' It is not necessary to decide whether the epistle is by St See also:

Paul or by a See also:

PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of Paul, although the former seems to the present writer to be by far the more probable, in spite of the brilliant attack on the genuineness of the epistle by See also:

WREDE, KARL

Wrede in Texte and Ilbersetzungen, N.F. ix. 2. 5 Cf. 2 Thess. ii. 8: the See also:

TARGUM

Targum also. in its comment on the passage of See also:

Isaiah, applies " the wicked " to Antichrist. See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

pro luces an abundance of See also:

FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers. Antibes is the See also:

ancient Antipolis.

It is said to have been founded before the Christian era (perhaps about 340 B.c.) by colonists from See also:

MARSEILLES

Marseilles, and is mentioned by See also:

STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo. It was the seat of a bishopric from the 5th century to 1244, when the see was transferred to See also:

Grasse. (W. A. B.

End of Article: ANTIBES

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