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mother in 1762 having deprived him of his means of support, he went in 1763 on the invitation of the pastor of the Lutheran community, Anton See also:

FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich See also:

BUSCHING, ANTON FRIEDRICH (1724-1793)

Busching, the founder of the See also:

MODERN

modern historic statistical method of See also:

GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography, to See also:

TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach natural See also:

HISTORY

history in the Lutheran See also:

academy, St See also:

PETERSBURG

Petersburg. This See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office he relinquished in 1765, and travelled in See also:

Denmark and See also:

Sweden, where he studied the methods of working the mines, and made the acquaintance of See also:

LINNAEUS

Linnaeus at See also:

UPSALA, or UPPSALA

Upsala. In 1766 he was appointed extraordinary See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy at Gottingen. There he lectured on See also:

POLITICAL

political and domestic See also:

ECONOMY

economy with such success that in 1770 he was appointed See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary professor. He was in the See also:

HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of taking his students into the workshops, that they might acquire a See also:

PRACTICAL

practical as well as a theoretical knowledge of different processes and handicrafts. While thus engaged he determined to trace the history and describe the existing See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of each of the arts and sciences on which he was lecturing, being perhaps incited by the Bibliothecae of Albrecht von See also:

Haller. But even Beckmann's See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and ardour were unable to overtake the amount of study necessary for this task. He therefore confined his See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to several practical arts and trades; and to these labours we owe his Beitrage zur Geschichte der Erfindungen (1780–1805), translated into See also:

ENGLISH

English as the History of Inventions—a See also:

WORK

work in which he relates the origin, history and See also:

RECENT

recent condition of the various See also:

MACHINES

machines, utensils, &c., employed in See also:

trade and for domestic purposes. This work entitles Beckmann to be regarded as the founder of scientific technology, a See also:

TERM

term which he was the first to use in 1772. In 1772 Beckmann was elected a member of the Royal Society of Gottingen, and he contributed valuable scientific See also:

DISSERTATIONS

dissertations to its proceedings until 1783, when he withdrew from all further See also:

SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in its work.

He died on the 3rd of See also:

FEBRUARY

February 1811. Other important See also:

WORKS

works of Beckmann are Entwurf einer allgemeinen Technologic (18o6)'; Anleitung zur Handelswissen- schaft (1789); Vorbereitung zur Warenkunde (1795–1800); Beitrage zur Okonomie, Technologie, Polizei- and Kameralwissenschaft (1777–1791).

End of Article: BECKMANN, JOHANN (1739–1811)

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