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SHUMLA (Bulgarian Shumen, Turkish Shu...

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Originally appearing in Volume V24, Page 1023 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SHUMLA (Bulgarian Shumen, See also:Turkish Shumna) , a fortified See also:town of See also:Bulgaria, 50 in. W. of See also:Varna, on the railway from See also:Trnovo to Shumla Road (a name given to a station on the Varna-See also:Rustchuk railway by the See also:English builders of the See also:line). Pop. (1906) 22,290, about one-third being Moslems. The town is built within a cluster of hills, See also:northern outliers of the eastern Balkans, which See also:curve See also:round it on the See also:west and See also:north in the shape of a See also:horse-See also:shoe. A rugged See also:ravine intersects the ground longitudinally within the horse-shoe See also:ridge. From Shumla roads radiate northwards to the Danubian fortresses of Rustchuk and See also:Silistria and to the See also:Dobrudja, southwards to the passes of the Balkans, and eastwards to Varna and Baltchik. Shumla has, therefore, been one of the most important military positions in the See also:Balkan See also:Peninsula. A broad See also:street and rivulet See also:divide the upper See also:quarter, Gorni-Mahle, from the See also:lower, Dolni-Mahle. In the upper quarter is the magnificent See also:mausoleum of Jezairli See also:Hassan See also:Pasha, who in the 18th See also:century enlarged the fortifications of Shumla. The See also:principal See also:mosque, with a See also:cupola of very interesting See also:architecture, forms the centre of the Moslem quarter. The town has an important See also:trade in See also:grain and See also:wine, besides manufactures of See also:silk, red and yellow slippers, ready-made clothes, richly embroidered dresses for See also:women, and See also:copper and See also:tin wares.

In 811 Shumla was burned by the See also:

emperor Nicephorus, and in 1087 it was besieged by Alexius I. In 1388 the See also:sultan See also:Murad I. forced it to surrender to the See also:Turks. In the ,8th century it was enlarged and fortified. Three times, in 1774, 1810 and 1828, it was unsuccessfully attacked by See also:Russian armies. The Turks consequently gave it the name of Gazi (" Victorious "). In 1854 it was the headquarters of See also:Omar Pasha and the point at which the Turkish See also:army concentrated (see See also:CRIMEAN See also:WAR). On the 22nd of See also:June 1878 Shumla capitulated to the Russians.

End of Article: SHUMLA (Bulgarian Shumen, Turkish Shumna)

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