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town, and the valley or strath of the Pyawng Kawng, Nawng Ping neighbourhood. Elsewhere the valleys are insignificant. The hills on the Mong Tung border reach their highest elevations in the peaks Loi See also:

Pan (6848 ft.) and Loi Htan (6270 ft.). To the See also:

north-west of Thibaw town, on the Tawng Peng border, Loi Lam rises to 6486 ft. The valley of the Nam Tu marks the lowest point in the state at Thibaw town, about 1400 ft., and rises on the east in Mong Tung to a plain level of about 25oo ft., and on the west in Mong Ldng to a confused mass of hills with an See also:

AVERAGE

average height of 4500 ft., broken up by the Nam Yawn and Nam See also:

KAW, or KANSA

Kaw valleys, which are about 3000 ft. above mean See also:

sea-level. The chief See also:

RIVER

river is the Nam Tu or Myit-nge, also frequently called by its classical name the Doktawadi.

The main stream rises in the Salween-See also:

IRRAWADDY, or IRAWADI

Irrawaddy See also:

WATERSHED

watershed, and is enlarged by considerable tributaries. At Thibaw town it is 250 yds. wide and about 8 ft. deep, with a fairly strong current. The Nam Tu is navigable only in See also:

LOCAL

local stretches, and between Thonze and Lawksawk (See also:

YATSAUK

Yatsauk) it flows through a See also:

GORGE

gorge between cliffs 3000 to 4000 ft. high. At the gorge of Hokut (Ngokteik) the Nam Htang and the Nam Pase unite to See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form the Nam Kiit, which passes into the ground at the natural See also:

BRIDGE

bridge where the See also:

MANDALAY

Mandalay-Kunlong railway crosses the gorge, and reappears to join the Nam Tu. The See also:

bed of the Nam Kiit is about 1500 ft. below the See also:

general level of the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country. See also:

COAL

Coal is found at various places in the state, but is not of very high quality. See also:

Salt-See also:

wells are worked by the inhabitants of Mawhkio (Bawgyo) about 7 m, from Thibaw town. The average maximum temperature at the beginning of See also:

APRIL

April is about 96°. and the minimum about the same See also:

period 65°. The rainfall averages about 70 in. for the See also:

YEAR

year. The chief crops are See also:

rice, See also:

cotton, sesamum, See also:

TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea in the hills, and thanat, the See also:

LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf of a See also:

tree used for the wrapper of the Burma, or " See also:

green " See also:

CHEROOT, or SHEROOT (from the Tamil word " shuruttu," a roll)

cheroot. Cotton See also:

CLOTH

cloth was formerly much more generally manufactured than it now is, and a coarse country See also:

paper is also made. Other See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries are merely of articles for local use.

The See also:

government See also:

CART (A.S. crcet, Gaelic cairt; connected with " car ")

cart road to See also:

LASHIO

Lashio passes through the centre of the state, and from this various unmetalled roads radiate to different parts of the state and the neighbouring states. The Mandalay-Kunlong railway, now open as far as Lashio, also passes through the capital. See also:

TEAK

Teak forests exist along the See also:

banks of the Nam Tu and in the Mong Long states, but both have been practically exhausted, and will have to be closed for many years. Previous to the See also:

ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation, and in a general way still, the state is administered by the sawbwa, or chief, aided by a See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of six amats or ministers. Under them are a number of ne-baings, who are in See also:

charge of circles and townships. Each ne-baing has an asiyin, or clerk, and each See also:

VILLAGE

village has a headman, or See also:

KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

kin-See also:

man. The amats supervise the See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of a certain number of districts. The old See also:

SYSTEM

system is now being assimilated to that followed in Burma. The chief Sao Hke was for a See also:

time in See also:

England. (J. G.

End of Article: THIBAW, or HSIPAW

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THIBAUT, ANTON FRIEDRICH JUSTUS (1774-1840)

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