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gap between the canines and the premolars. Titanotherium, of the Oligocene of the Dakotas and neighbouring districts, was a huge beast, with the hinder upper premolars similar in See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character to the molars, a pair of See also:

horn-cores, arising from the maxilla, overhanging the See also:

NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose-cavity, four front and three See also:

HIND

hind toes, only twenty dorso-lumbar vertebrae, and an almost continuous and unbroken See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of teeth, in which the canines are See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short; the dental See also:

formula being i. I, c. p. -, m. The muzzle probably formed a snout in See also:

LIFE

life; and there is presumptive See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that these animals were very See also:

long-lived. Brontops seem scarcely separated from the type genus; but the name Brontotherium is applied to See also:

SPECIES

species with two pairs of incisor teeth in both jaws. The length of the largest species was about 14 ft.; and the height about 8 ft. The alleged occurrence of remains of members of the See also:

GROUP

group in the Balkans apparently rests on insufficient evidence. A second group is typified by Palaeosyops, of the Bridger Eocene of North America; P. paludosus being an See also:

animal about the See also:

SIZE

size of a See also:

TAPIR

tapir. The See also:

SKULL

skull, which has a longer See also:

FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face than in Titanotherium, lacks horn-cores, while all the upper premolars are simpler than the molars, and the full series of 44 teeth was See also:

PRESENT

present.

The limbs were relatively slender, and the See also:

BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain was small. In the lower, or Wasatch, Eocene the group was represented by the still more See also:

PRIMITIVE

primitive Lambdotherium. On the other See also:

hand, Palaeosyops is connected with Titanotherium by means of Telmatotherium of the upper Bridger and Washakia Eocene, a larger animal, with a longer and flatter skull, showing rudiments of horn-cores, only two pairs of lower incisors, and a See also:

general approximation in dental character to Titanotherium. Another of these titanotheroid forms is Diplacodon, from the Upper or Uinta Eocene; an animal the size of a rhinoceros, with the last two upper premolars molar-like. It was probably off the See also:

DIRECT

direct ancestral See also:

LINE

line of Titanotherium. These intermediate forms render the reference of the group to a distinct family—Palaeosyopidaeunnecessary. See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor H. F. See also:

OSBORN, SHERARD (1822—1875)

Osborn, who recognises four genera, Titanotherium, Megacerops, Symborodon and Brontotherium, in the typical See also:

section of the family, considers that each of these represents a distinct line of descent from the Palaeosyops-like group. The whole assemblage forms one of the four See also:

main sections of the See also:

PERISSODACTYLA (i.e. odd-toed)

Perissodactyla, namely the Titanotheroidea. See H. F.

Osborn, " The See also:

CRANIAL

Cranial See also:

EVOLUTION

Evolution of Titanotherium." See also:

Bull. Amer. See also:

Mus. (1896), viii., 137, and the " Four Phyla of Oligocene Titanotheres," op. cit. (1903), xvi. 91; C. H. See also:

Earle, " A Memoir on the Genus Palaeosyops and its See also:

ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

Allies," Journ. Acad. See also:

PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia (1892), ix. 267. (R.

End of Article: TITANOTHERIIDAE (also known as Menodontidae and Brontotheriidae)

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