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GALLICANISM , the collective name for various theories maintaining that the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church and See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:France had ecclesiastical rights of their own, See also:independent and exclusive of the See also:jurisdiction of the See also:pope. Gallicanism had two distinct sides, a constitutional and a dogmatic, though both were generally held together, the second serving as the logical basis of the first. And neither is intelligible, except in relation to the See also:rival theory of See also:Ultramontanism (q.v.). Dogmatic Gallicanism was concerned with the question of ecclesiastical See also:government. It maintained that the church's infallible authority was committed to pope and bishops jointly. The pope decided in the first instance, but his judgments must be tacitly or expressly confirmed by the bishops before they had the force of See also:law. This See also:ancient theory survived much longer in France than in other See also:Catholic countries. Hence the name of Gallican is loosely given to all its See also:modern up-holders, whether of See also:French See also:nationality or not. Constitutional Gallicanism dealt with the relation of church and See also:state in France. It began in the 13th See also:century, as a protest against the theocratic pretensions of the See also:medieval popes. They claimed that they, as vicars of See also:Christ, had the right to interfere in the temporal concerns of princes, and even to depose sovereigns of whom they disapproved. Gallicanism answered that See also:kings held their See also:power directly of See also:God; hence their temporal concerns See also:lay altogether outside the jurisdiction of the pope. During the troubles of the See also:Reformation era, when the papal deposing power threatened to become a reality, the Gallican theory became of See also:great importance. It was elaborated, and connected with dogmatic Gallicanism; by the famous theologian, Edmond Richer (1559-1631), and finally incorporated by See also:Bossuet in a See also:solemn See also:Declaration of the French See also:Clergy, made in 1682. This document See also:lays down: (1) that the temporal See also:sovereignty of kings is independent of the pope; (2) that a See also:general See also:council is above the pope; (3) that the ancient liberties of the Gallican Church are sacred; (4) that the infallible teaching authority of the church belongs to pope and bishops jointly. This declaration led to a violent See also:quarrel with See also:Rome,, and was officially withdrawn in 1693, though its doctrines continued to be largely held. They were asserted in an extreme See also:form in the See also:Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790),Pwhich almost severed connexion between France and the papacy. In 1802 See also:Napoleon contented himself by embodying Bossuet's declaration textually in a See also:statute. See also:Long before his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, however, the issue had been narrowed down to determining exactly how far the pope should be allowed to interfere in French ecclesiastical affairs. Down to the See also:repeal of the See also:Concordat in 1905 all French governments continued to uphold two of the ancient " Gallican Liberties." The See also:secular courts took See also:cognizance of ecclesiastical affairs when-ever the law of the See also:land was alleged to have been broken; and papal bulls were not allowed to be published without the leave
of the state. (See also See also:FEBRONIANISM.) (ST.
End of Article: GALLICANISM
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