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GALLIENI, JOSEPH SIMON (1849– )

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Originally appearing in Volume V11, Page 419 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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GALLIENI, See also:JOSEPH See also:SIMON (1849– ) , See also:French soldier and colonial See also:administrator, was See also:born at See also:Saint-See also:Beat, in the See also:department of Haute-See also:Garonne, on the 24th of See also:April 1849. He See also:left the military See also:academy of Saint-Cyr in See also:July 187o as a second See also:lieutenant in the See also:Marines, becoming lieutenant in 1873 and See also:captain in 1878. He saw service in the Franco-See also:German See also:War, and between 1877 and 1881 took an important See also:part in the explorations and military expeditions by which the French dominion was extended in the See also:basin of the upper See also:Niger. He rendered a particularly valuable service by obtaining, in See also:March 1881, a treaty from Ahmadu, almany of Segu, giving the French exclusive rights of See also:commerce on the upper Niger. For this he received the See also:gold See also:medal of the Societe de Geographic. From 1883 to 1886 Gallieni was stationed in See also:Martinique. On the 24th of See also:June 1886 he attained the See also:rank of lieutenant-See also:colonel, and on the loth of See also:December was nominated See also:governor of Upper See also:Senegal. He obtained several successes against Ahmadu in 1887, and compelled Samory to agree to a treaty by which he abandoned the left See also:bank of the Niger (see SENEGAL: See also:History). In connexion with his service in See also:West See also:Africa, Gallieni published two works—Mission d'exploration du Haut-Niger, 1879-1881 ( See also:Paris, 1885), and Deux Campagnes au See also:Sudan See also:francais (Paris, 1891)—which, besides possessing See also:great narrative See also:interest, give See also:information of considerable value in regard to the resources and See also:topography of the See also:country. In 1888 Gallieni was made an officer of the See also:Legion of See also:Honour. In 1891 he attained the rank of colonel, and from 1893 to 1895 he served in See also:Tongking, commanding the second military See also:division of the territory. In 1899 he published his experiences in Trois Colonnes au Tonkin.

In 1896 See also:

Madagascar was made a French See also:colony, and Gallieni was appointed See also:resident-See also:general (a See also:title changed in 1897 to governor-general) and See also:commander-in-See also:chief. Under the weak See also:administration of his predecessor a widespread revolt had broken out against the French. By a vigorous military See also:system Gallieni succeeded in completing the subjugation of the See also:island. He also turned his See also:attention to the destruction of the See also:political supremacy of the Hovas and the restoration of the See also:autonomy of the other tribes. The See also:execution of the See also:queen's See also:uncle, Rafsimamanga, and of Rainandria.nampandry, the See also:minister of the interior, in See also:October 1896, and the See also:exile of Queen See also:Ranavalo III. herself in 1897, on the See also:charge of fomenting See also:rebellion, See also:broke up the See also:Hova See also:hegemony, and made an end of Hova intrigues against French See also:rule. The task of See also:government was one of considerable difficulty. The application of the French customs and other like See also:measures, disastrous to See also:British and See also:American See also:trade, were matters for which Gallieni was not wholly responsible. His policy was directed to the development of the economic resources of the island and was conciliatory towards the non-French See also:European See also:population. He also secured for the Protestants religious See also:liberty. In 1899 he published a Rapport d'ensemble sur la situation generale de Madagascar. In 1905, when he resigned the governorship, Madagascar enjoyed See also:peace and a considerable measure of prosperity. In 1906 General Gallieni was appointed to command the XIV. See also:army See also:corps and military government of See also:Lyons.

He reviewed the results of his Madagascar administration in a See also:

book entitled Neuf Ans d Madagascar (Paris, 1908).

End of Article: GALLIENI, JOSEPH SIMON (1849– )

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