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NEHAVEND

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Originally appearing in Volume V19, Page 350 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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NEHAVEND , a small but very fertile and productive See also:

province of See also:Persia, situated See also:south-See also:west of See also:Hamadan, west of See also:Malayir, and See also:north-west of See also:Burujird. Pop. about 15,00e. The See also:capital is the See also:ancient See also:city of Nehavend, where Yazdegird, the last monarch of the See also:Sassanian See also:dynasty, was finally defeated by the See also:Arabs. (A.D. 641). It has a See also:population of about 5000, including 700 to 800 See also:Jews; there are See also:fine gardens, and an old citadel on a See also:hill. It is situated at an See also:elevation of 5540 ft., 27 M. from Doletabad (Malayir), and 25 M. from Burujird. deserves careful See also:attention. Enumerations of prisoners affording comparable results were made in 1880, 1890 and 1904. See also:Negro Number per i Prisoners. See also:ioo,000 Pop. 16,089 24,277 26,087 These figures show a rapid increase between 188o and 1890 in the number and proportion of negro prisoners, and between 1890 and 1904 a slow increase in the number and a notable decrease in the proportion. But in See also:order to make the figures for 1890 and 1904 comparable, it is necessary to exclude from those for the earlier date 4473 negro prisoners mainly belonging to two classes, persons in confinement See also:prior to See also:sentence and persons in See also:prison because of their inability to pay a fine, but all belonging to classes which were excluded from the enumeration for 1904.

This gives the following result: Date. Negro Number per whites. Prisoners. ioo,000 Pop. 1880 16,089 244 96 1890 19,804 264 ' 84 1904 26,087 278 77 The proportion of negro prisoners to population increased rapidly between 188o and 1890 and slightly between 1890 and 1904, the increase for the first See also:

period being most accurately shown by the first set of figures and that for the second period by the second set of figures. It is noteworthy also that the proportion of See also:white prisoners to population decreased during the same period. Perhaps a more significant comparison is that between the proportion of prisoners of each See also:race to the population of that race in the See also:northern states and the See also:southern states respectively, the See also:distribution of population and the systems of penal legislation and See also:administration being widely different in the two sections. It is impossible to make the correction just referred to except for the See also:United States as a whole, but it must be remembered that the figures for 1890 are not comparable with those for 1904, and that the true figures for that See also:year would be decidedly less. Number of Prisoners to each zoo,000 See also:People. Date. Southern States. Northern States. Negroes.

Whites. Negroes. Whites. 188o 157 58 495 199 1 890 285 62 743 83 1904 221 40 Date. 1880 1890 1904 244 324 278 These figures indicate that in the southern states in 1890 there were about four and a See also:

half times as many negro prisoners to population as white prisoners, and in 1904 about five and a half times as many; that in the northern states in 1890 there were about six times as many negro prisoners to population as white prisoners, and in 1904 about nine times as many. They throw no See also:light whatever upon a point they are often quoted as establishing, the See also:comparative criminality of the northern and southern negroes. Those residing in the north include an abnormal number of See also:males, of adults, and of city population, influences all tending to increase the proportion of prisoners. It seems likely that if the figures for the south in 1890 could be made strictly comparable with those for the same region in 1904 the apparent decrease of 22 % in the proportion of negro prisoners to population would almost but not quite disappear. The See also:evidence regarding See also:crime indicates a continued but slow and slackening increase in the proportion of negro prisoners to negro population in the See also:country as a whole and in its two See also:main sections, an increase in the proportion of white prisoners to white population during the first See also:interval and a decrease during the second, and a growing difference between the two races in the proportion of prisoners. Citizenship.—When the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Federal Constitution were adopted, the former conferring United States citizenship on all native negroes and the latter providing that the right of such citizens to See also:vote should not be abridged by any See also:state on See also:account of race, See also:colour or previous See also:condition of See also:servitude, it was not the practice in northern states to allow negroes to vote. Proposals to See also:grant them the See also:suffrage were submitted to the voters in 1865 in See also:Connecticut, See also:Wisconsin, See also:Minnesota and See also:Colorado, and in each state they were rejected. In all states containing a large proportion of negroes the results of the Federal policy of reconstruction were disastrous, and those See also:bitter years probably contributed more than the See also:Civil See also:War itself to estrange the two sections.

Since the withdrawal of Federal troops in 1877 the prevailing and persistent See also:

judgment of southern whites regarding the See also:laws and the policy to be adopted upon this subject has been accorded more and more See also:weight in determining the See also:action of the states and the Federal See also:government.

End of Article: NEHAVEND

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