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See also:RUSTICATION (i.e. the making " rustic " or countrified, from See also:Lat. rus, See also:country; thus the See also:term " rusticate " is used for taking a country See also:holiday, or in See also:academic circles to be " rusticated " is to be sent away from a university for See also:punishment) , in See also:architecture, the technical term (See also:French See also:equivalent bossage) given to See also:masonry in which the centre See also:part of the See also:face of the See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone is either See also:left rough as it came from the See also:quarry, or is worked in various ways to give variety to the See also:surface. The earliest example exists in the See also:platform at See also:Pasargadae in See also:Persia (56o B.C.), erected by See also:Cyrus, where the edge See also:round the four sides of the stone forms a draft, two or three inches wide, worked with a See also:chisel, the centre
part being left rough. Similar See also:work• exists at Arak-el-Emir in See also:Palestine (151 B.C.), The finest examples are those of the walls of the See also:temple at See also:Jerusalem, and at See also:Hebron, where the stones are of immense See also:size and the rustication projects sometimes over a See also:foot. The Crusaders' castles in Palestine are all boldly rusticated, but the projecting portions have been worked over with a chisel in See also:diagonal lines, and this enables them to be distinguished from the earlier masonry. In the five-sided See also:tower at See also:Nuremberg and the See also:Burg-Capelle at Rothenburg, the rustication has a decorative value, so that in later work it was employed for the quoin-stones of towers. The masonry of the Palazzo Vecchio, and of the Pitti, See also:Strozzi and Riccardi palaces, all in See also:Florence, and of other palaces in See also:Siena and See also:Volterra, is rusticated. Rustication was employed in terraces and grottos in " "See also:Italy, where on See also:account of its extravagances it gave rise to the term " See also:grotesque." In the later See also:Renaissance the edges of the stone were bevelled off, with a sunk See also:joint in addition; and the treatment was known as vermiculated, if in See also:imitation of See also:earth burrowed by See also:worms; marine, if with small See also:- SHELL
- SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)
shell holes; stalactitic, if carved in imitation of See also:lime deposits, &c. In Italy the projecting portions were sometimes worked into facets. Rustication was introduced into See also:England by Inigo See also:- JONES
- JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
- JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
- JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
- JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
- JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
- JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
- JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
- JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
- JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
- JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
- JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
- JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
- JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
- JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
- JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)
Jones, who, in old See also:Somerset See also:House, See also:York Stairs Watergate, the gateway of the Botanical See also:Garden at See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, and elsewhere, used it only in alternate courses, his example being followed by other architects of the Renaissance. The term is now applied to the See also:ashlar blocks of masonry which alternate with the circular drums of columns in many public buildings.
End of Article: RUSTICATION (i.e. the making " rustic " or countrified, from Lat. rus, country; thus the term " rusticate " is used for taking a country holiday, or in academic circles to be " rusticated " is to be sent away from a university for punishment)
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