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SANDEAU, LEONARD SYLVAIN JULIEN [JULE...

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Originally appearing in Volume V24, Page 138 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SANDEAU, LEONARD SYLVAIN See also:JULIEN [JULES] (1811-1883) , See also:French novelist, was See also:born at See also:Aubusson (See also:Creuse) on the 19th of See also:February 1811. He was sent to See also:Paris to study See also:law, but spent much of his See also:time with unruly students. He met Madame Dudevant (See also:George See also:Sand) at Le Coudray in the See also:house of a friend, and when she came to Paris in 1831 she joined Sandeau. The intimacy did not last See also:long, but it produced See also:Rose et See also:Blanche (1831), a novel written in See also:common under the See also:pseudonym Jules Sand, from which George Sand took the See also:idea of her famous nom de guerre. Sandeau continued for nearly fifty years to produce novels and to collaborate in plays. His best See also:works are Marianna (1839), in which he draws a portrait of George Sand; Le Docteur Herbeau (1841); See also:Catherine (1845); Mademoiselle de la Seigliere (1848), a successful picture of society under See also:Louis Philippe, dramatized in 1851; Madeleine (1848); La See also:Chasse au See also:roman (1849); Sacs et parchemins (1851) ; La Maison de Penarvan (1858) ; LaRoche aux mouettes (1871). The famous,See also:play of Le Gendre de M.Poirier is one of several which he wrote with Emile See also:Augier—the novelist usually contributing the See also:story and the dramatist the theatrical working up. Meanwhile Sandeau had been made conservateur of the See also:Mazarin library in 1853, elected to the See also:Academy in 1858, and next See also:year appointed librarian of St See also:Cloud. At the suppression of this latter See also:office, after the fall of the See also:empire, he was pensioned. He died on the 24th of See also:April 1883. He was never a very popular novelist, and the quiet See also:grace of his See also:style, and his refusal to pander to the popular See also:taste in the morals and incidents of his novels, may have disqualified him for popularity. See G.

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Planche, Portraits littiraires (1849), vol. i.; J. See also:Claretie, J. Sandeau (1883) ; F. Brunetiere in the Revue See also:des deux inondes (1887). SAND-See also:EEL, or SAND-LAUNCE. The fishes known under these names See also:form a small See also:family (Ammodytidae) now included with the Scombresocidae in the sub-See also:order Percesoces. They were formerly placed in the Anacanthini and supposed to be allied to the Gadidae, but a fossil form Cobitopsis has recently been described in which the pelvic fins are See also:present, and are abdominal in position as in Belone and Scombresox. Their See also:body is of an elongate-cylindrical shape, with the See also:head terminating in a long conical snout, the projecting See also:lower See also:jaw forming the pointed end. A See also:low long dorsal fin, in which no distinction between spines and rays can be observed, occupies nearly the whole length of the back, and a long anal, composed of similar See also:short and delicate rays, commences immediately behind the vent, which is placed about midway between the head and caudal fin. The caudal is forked and the pectorals are short. The See also:total See also:absence of ventral fins indicates the burrowing habits of these fishes. The scales, when present, are very small; but generally the development of scales has only proceeded to the formation of oblique folds of the integuments.

The eyes are lateral and of moderate See also:

size; the dentition is quite rudimentary. Sand-eels are small littoral marine fishes, only one See also:species attaining a length of 18 in. (Ammodytes lanceolatus). They live in shoals at various depths on a sandy bottom, and See also:bury themselves in the sand on the slightest alarm. Other shoals live in deeper See also:water. When they are surprised by See also:fish of See also:prey or porpoises they are frequently driven to the See also:surface in such dense masses that See also:numbers of them can be scooped out of the water with a bucket or See also:hand-See also:net. Sand- eels destroy a See also:great quantity of See also:fry and other small creatures, such as the lancelet (See also:Amphioxus), which lives in similar Iocalities. They are excellent eating, and are much sought after for bait. They are captured by small See also:meshed seines, as well as by digging in the sand. The eggs of sand-eels are small, heavier than See also:sea-water and slightly adhesive: they are scattered among the grains of sand in which the fishes live, and the larvae and See also:young at various stages of growth may be taken with the See also:row-net in sandy bays in summer. Sand-eels are common in the N. See also:Atlantic; a species scarcely distinct from the See also:European common sand-launce occurs on the Pacific See also:side of N.

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America, another on the E. See also:coast of S. See also:Africa. On the See also:British coasts three species are found: the greater sand-eel (Ammodytes lanceolatus), distinguished by a tooth-like bicuspid prominence on the vomer; the common sand-launce (A. tobianus), from 5 to 7 in. long, with unarmed vomer, even dorsal fin, and with the integuments folded; and the See also:southern sand-launce (.4. siculus), with unarmed vomer, smooth skin, and with the margins of the dorsal and anal fins undulated. The last species is common in the Mediterranean, but See also:local farther N. It has been found near the Shetlands at depths from 8o to See also:Ioo fathoms.

End of Article: SANDEAU, LEONARD SYLVAIN JULIEN [JULES] (1811-1883)

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