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See also:AUBUSSON, See also:PIERRE D' (1423—1503), See also:grand-See also:master of the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of St See also:John of See also:Jerusalem, and a zealous opponent of the See also:Turks, was See also:born in 1423. He belonged to a See also:noble See also:French See also:family, and See also:early devoted himself to the career of a soldier in the service of the See also:emperor See also:Sigismund. Under the See also:archduke See also:Albert of See also:Austria he took See also:part in a See also:campaign against the Turks, and on his return to See also:France sided with the Armagnacs against the Swiss, greatly distinguishing himself at the See also:battle of St See also:Jacob in 1444. He then joined the order of the knights of See also:Rhodes, and success-fully conducted an expedition against the pirates of the See also:Levant and an See also:embassy to See also:Charles VII. He soon See also:rose to the most important offices in the order, and in 1476 was elected grand-master. It was the See also:period of the conquests of Mahommed II., who, supreme in the See also:East, now began to threaten See also:Europe. In See also:December 1479 a large See also:Turkish See also:fleet appeared in sight of Rhodes; a landing was effected, and a vigorous attack made upon the See also:city. But in See also:July of the next See also:year, being reinforced from See also:Spain, the knights forced the Mussulmans to retire, leaving behind them 9000 dead. The See also:siege, in which d'Aubusson was seriously wounded, enhanced his renown throughout Europe. Mahommed was furious, and would have attacked the See also:island again but for his See also:death in 1481. His See also:succession was disputed between his sons Bayezid and Jem. The latter, after his defeat by Bayezid, sought See also:refuge at Rhodes under a safe-conduct from the grand-master and the See also:council of the knights.
What followed remains a stain on d'Aubusson's memory. Rhodes not being considered secure, Jem with his own consent was sent to France. Mean-while, in spite of the safe-conduct, d'Aubusson accepted an See also:annuity of 45,000 ducats from the See also:sultan; in return for which he undertook to guard Jem in such a way as to prevent his See also:design of appealing to the See also:Christian See also:powers to aid him against his See also:brother. For six years Jem, in spite of frequent efforts to See also:- ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli
escape, was kept a See also:close prisoner in various castles of the Rhodian order in France, until in 1489 he was handed over to See also:Pope See also:Innocent VIII., who had been vying with the See also:kings of See also:Hungary and See also:Naples for the See also:possession of so valuable a See also:political weapon. D'Aubusson's See also:reward was a See also:cardinal's See also:hat (1489), and the See also:power to confer all benefices connected with the order without the See also:sanction of the papacy; the order of St John received the See also:wealth of the suppressed orders of the See also:Holy See also:Sepulchre and St See also:Lazarus. The remaining years of his See also:life d'Aubusson spent in the See also:attempt to restore discipline and zeal in his order, and to organize a grand See also:international crusade against the Turks. The See also:age of the See also:Renaissance, with See also:Alexander See also:Borgia on the See also:throne of St See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter, was, however, not favourable to such an enterprise; the death of Jem in 1495 had removed the most formidable weapon available against the sultan; and when in 15o1 d'Aubusson led an expedition against Mytilene, dissensions among his See also:motley See also:host rendered it wholly abortive. The old See also:man's last years were embittered by chagrin at his failure, which was hardly compensated by his success in extirpating Judaism in
See also:AUCH
Rhodes, by expelling all adult See also:Jews and forcibly baptizing their See also:children. In the summer of 1503 he died.
See P. See also:Bouhours, Hist. de Pierre d'Aubusson (See also:Paris, 1676; See also:Hague, 1793; abridged ed. See also:Bruges, 1887); G.
E. Streck, Pierre d'Aubusson, Grossmeister, &c. (See also:Chemnitz, 1873) ; J. B. See also:Bury in See also:Cambridge Mod. Hist. vol. i. p. 85, &c. (for relations with Jem).
End of Article: AUBUSSON, PIERRE
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