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Originally appearing in Volume V04, Page 526 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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ASPHALT, or ASPHALTUM

asphalt •'1W ¢See also:

FOOT

foot of See also:

wood ~ I m bloc%ca laid s' ~mkt n:uvscl , 5 2 6 space 9 in. or more in width is formed around those portions of the walls situated below the ground, the See also:

OBJECT

object being to prevent them from coming into contact with the See also:

BRICKWORK

brickwork of the See also:

main walls and so imparting its moisture to the See also:

BUILDING

building. Arrangements should be made for keeping the See also:

AREA

area clear of See also:

VERMIN (Fr. vermine, formed as if from Lat. verminus, vcrmis, a worm)

vermin and for ventilating and draining it. Dry areas, being far from sanitary, are seldom adopted now, and are being super- seded by asphalt or See also:

CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement applied to the fare of the See also:

wall. Moisture is prevented from soaking down from the See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the wall by using a covering of some impervious material in the See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a See also:

COPING (from " cope," Lat. capa)

coping. This may consist of See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary bricks set on edge in cement with a See also:

double course of tiles immediately below, called a creasing," or of specially made non-porous coping See also:

DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door' bricks, or of See also:

stone, See also:

CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast-See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, or cement sloped or " weathered in See also:

order to throw the See also:

RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain off. The exterior of walls above the ground See also:

LINE

line may be protected by coating the See also:

SURFACE

surface with cement or rough cast; or covering with slates or tiles pi fixed oft battens in a similar manner to `those on a roof (fig. 13). Thuse of hollow walls in exposed positions has already been referred to. The by-See also:

LAWS

laws dated 1891, made by the See also:

LONDON

London See also:

COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

County See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council under See also:

section i6 of the See also:

METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

Metropolis Management and Buildings Acts See also:

AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

Amendment See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act 1878, require that " every wall of a See also:

house or building shall have a See also:

DAMP

damp course composed of materials impervious to moisture approved by the See also:

DISTRICT

district surveyor, extending throughout its whole thickness at the level of not less than 6 in. below the level of the lowest See also:

FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor. Every See also:

EXTERNAL

external wall or enclosing wall of habitable rooms or their See also:

APPURTENANCES (from late Lat. appertinentia, from appertinere, to appertain)

appurtenances or cellars which abuts against the See also:

earth shall be protected by materials impervious to moisture to the See also:

SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction of the district surveyor. " The top of every party-wall and See also:

PARAPET (Ital. parapetto, Fr. parapet, from para, imperative of Ital. porare, to cover, defend, and petto, breast, Lat. pectus; the German word is Brustwehr)

parapet-wall shall be finished with one course of hard, well-burnt bricks set on edge, in cement, or by a coping of any other waterproof and See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-resisting material, properly secured."" See also:

ARCHES, COURT OF

Arches are constructions built of See also:

WEDGE (O. Eng. wecg, a mass of metal, cognate with Dutch wig, wigge, Dan. vaegge, &c.; in Lith. the cognate form outside Teut. is found in wagis, a peg, spigot; there is no connexion with " weigh," " weight," which must be referred to the root wegh, to li

wedge-shaped blocks, which by See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of their shape give support one to another, and to the super-Arches. imposed See also:

WEIGHT

weight, the resulting load being transmitted through the blocks to the abutments upon which the ends of the See also:

arch See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest. An arch should be composed of such materials and designed of such dimensions as to enable it to retain its proper shape and resist the crushing See also:

STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain imposed upon it.

The abutments also must be strong enough to take safely the thrust of the weighted arch, as the slightest See also:

MOVEMENT

movement in these supports will cause deflection and failure. The outward thrust of an arch decreases as it approaches the seminc 'e - circular form, but the ncretP somewhat prevalent o See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that in the latter ,os form no thrusting takes / / See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place is at variance with /// fact. /i Arches in brickwork / may be classed under three heads: See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain arches, rough-cut and gauged. Plain arches are built of uncut bricks, and since the difference between the See also:

OUTER

outer and inner See also:

PERI, JACOPO (1561–16 ?)

peri- phery of the arch requires the parts of which an arch is made up to be wedge-formed, which an ordinary See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick is not, the difference must be made in See also:

MORTAR

mortar, with the result that the See also:

JOINTS

joints become wedge-shaped. This obviously gives an objectionable inconsistency of material in the arch, and for this reason to obtain greatest strength it is advisable to build these arches in See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent rings of See also:

HALF

half-brick thickness. The undermost rings should have thin joints, those of each succeeding See also:

RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring being slightly thickened. This prevents the lowest ring from settling while those above remain in position, which would cause an ugly fissure. In See also:

WORK

work of large span bonding blocks or " lacing courses " should be built into the arch, set in cement and See also:

RUNNING

running through its thickness at intervals, care being taken to introduce the lacing course at a place where the joints of the various rings coincide. Stone blocks in the shape of a See also:

VOUSSOIR (Ger. Wolbestein)

voussoir (fig. 14) may be used instead. Except for these lacing courses, See also:

HYDRAULIC

hydraulic See also:

lime mortar should be used for large arches, on See also:

account of its slightly accommodating nature. Rough-cut arches are those in which the bricks are roughly cut with an See also:

AXE (0. Eng. aex; a word common, in different forms, in the Teutonic languages, and akin to the Greek 41v17; the New English Dictionary prefers the spelling " ax ")

axe to a wedge form; they are used over openings such as doors and windows, where a strong arch of neat See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance is desired.

The joints are usually / la made equal in width t// to to those of the f ordinary brickwork. , //~ Gauged arches are J// composed of specially made soft bricks, which are cut and rubbed to gauges or FIG. 12. templates so as to form perfectly fitting voussoirs. Gauging is, of course, equally applicable to arches and walling, as it means no more than bringing every brick exactly to a certain form by cutting and rubbing. Gauged brickwork is set in lime See also:

PUTTY

putty instead of See also:

COMMON

common mortar; the finished joints should not be more than in. wide. To give stability the sides of the voussoirs are gauged out hollow and grouted in See also:

Portland cement, thus connecting each brick with the next by a toggle See also:

JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint. Gauged arches, being for the most See also:

PART

part but a half-rick in thickness on the See also:

SOFFIT (from Fr. soffite, Ital. soffitta, a ceiling, formed as if from su. fjictus for suff xus, Lat. suffigere, to fix underneath)

soffit and not being tied by a See also:

bond to any-thing behind them—for behind them is the See also:

LINTEL (0. Fr. lintel, mod. linteau, from Late Lat. limitellum, limes, boundary, confused in sense with limen, threshold; the Latin name is supercilium, Ital. soprasogli, and Ger. Stutz)

lintel with rough discharging arch over, supporting the remaining width of the wall—require to be executed with See also:

GREAT

great care and nicety. It is a common See also:

FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault with workmen to rub the bricks thinner behind than before to lessen the labour required to obtain a very See also:

FINE

fine See also:

FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face joint. This practice tends to make the work bulge outwards; it should rather be inverted if it be done at all, though the best work is that in which the bricks are gauged to exactly the same thickness at the back as at the front. The same fault occurs when a gauged arch is inserted in an old wall, on account of the difficulty of filling up with cement the space behind the bricks. The bond of an arch obtains its name from the arrangement of headers and stretchers on its soffit. The under See also:

side of an arch built in See also:

ENGLISH

English bond, therefore, will show the same arrangement as the face of a wall built in English bond.

If the arch is in Flemish the scffit presents the same ap- pearance as the See also:

ELEVATION

elevation of a wall built in that bond. It is generally held that the building of wood into brickwork should as far as is possible be avoided. Wall plates of wood plates. are, however, necessary where wood joists are used, and where these plates may not be supported on corbels of projecting brickwork or iron they must be let flush into the wall, taking the place of a course of bricks. They form a See also:

UNIFORM

uniform See also:

bed for the joists, to which easy fixing is obtained.

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