|
See also:BREAM (Abramis) , a See also:fish of the Cyprinid See also:family, characterized by a deep, strongly compressed See also:body, with See also:short dorsal and See also:long anal fins, the latter with more than sixteen branched rays, and the small inferior mouth. There are two See also:species in the See also:British Isles, the See also:common bream, A. brama, reaching a length of 2 ft. and a See also:weight of 12 lb, and the See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white bream or bream See also:flat, A. blicca, a smaller and, in most places, rarer species. . Both occur in slow-See also:running See also:rivers, canals, ponds and reservoirs. Bream are usually despised for the table in See also:England, but fish from large lakes, if well prepared, are by no means deserving of See also:ostracism. In the days of See also:medieval abbeys, when the provident Cistercian monks attached See also:great importance to See also:pond culture, they gave the first See also:place to the See also:tench and bream, the See also:carp still being unknown in the greater See also:part of See also:Europe. At the See also:present See also:day, the poorer See also:Jews in large See also:English cities make a great See also:consumption
t
See also:Breakwater.
sewn up to See also:form a bag whilst the See also:barge is being towed to the site. The See also:concrete is thus deposited unset, and readily accommodates itself to the irregularities of the bottom or of the See also:mound of bags; and sufficient liquid grout oozes out of the See also:canvas when the bag is compressed, to unite the bags into a solid See also:mass, so that with the mass concrete on the See also:top, the breakwater forms a monolith. This See also:system has been extended to the portion of the super-structure of the eastern, little-exposed breakwater of See also:Bilbao See also:harbour below See also:low See also:water, where the See also:rubble mound is of moderate height; but this application of the system appears less satisfactory, as See also:settlement of the super-structure on the mound would produce cracks in the set concrete in the bags.
See also:Foundation blocks of 2500 to
3000 tons have been deposited for raising the walls on each See also:side of the wide portion of the Zeebrugge breakwater (fig. 16) from Founds- the See also:sea-bottom to above low water, and also 4400-ton Foun w-th blocks along the narrow See also:outer portion (see HARBOUR), tarns by See also:building See also:iron caissons, open at the top, in the dry
blocks.
See also:bed of the See also:Bruges See also:ship-See also:canal, lining them with concrete,
and after the canal was filled with water, floating them out one by one in See also:calm See also:weather, sinking them in position by admitting water, and then filling them with concrete under water from closed skips which open at the bottom directly they begin to be raised.
The See also:firm sea-bed is levelled by small rubble for receiving the large blocks, whose outer toe is protected from undermining by a layer of big blocks of See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone extending out for a width of 50 ft.; and then the breakwater walls are raised above high water by 55-ton concrete blocks, set in See also:cement at low See also:tide; and the upper portions are completed by concrete-in-mass within framing.
Sometimes funds are not available for a large plant; and in such
cases small upright-See also:wall breakwaters may be constructed in a
Concrete moderate See also:depth of water on a hard bottom of See also:rock, See also:chalk
onreths. or boulders, by erecting See also:timber framing in suitable
lengths, lining it inside with jute See also:cloth, and then depositing
concrete below low water in closed hopper skips lowered to the
bottom before releasing the concrete, which must be effected with
great care to avoid allowing the concrete to fall through the water.
The portion of the breakwater above low water is then raised
by tide-See also:work with mass concrete within frames, in which large blocks of stone may be bedded, provided they do not See also:touch one another and are kept away from the See also:face, which should be formed with concrete containing a larger proportion of cement. As long continuous lengths of concrete crack across under See also:variations in temperature, it is advisable to form See also:fine straight divisions across the upper part of a concrete breakwater in construction, as substitutes for irregular cracks.
Upright-wall breakwaters should not be formed with two narrow walls and intermediate filling, as the safety of such a breakwater depends entirely on the sea-wall being maintained intact. A warning of the danger of this system of construction, combined with a high See also:parapet, was furnished by the See also:south breakwater of See also:Newcastle harbour in Dundrum See also:Bay, See also:Ireland, which was breached by a See also:storm in 1868, and eventually almost wholly destroyed; whilst its ruins for many years filled up the harbour which it had been erected to protect. In designing its reconstruction in 1897, it was found possible to provide a solid upright wall of suitable strength with the materials scattered over the harbour, together with an See also:extension needed for providing proper See also:protection at the entrance. This work was completed in 1906.
Upright-wall breakwaters and superstructures are generally made of the same thickness throughout, irrespective of the See also:differences in depth and exposure which are often met with in different parts of the same breakwater. This may be accounted for by the See also:general See also:custom of regarding the top of an upright wall or superstructure as a See also:quay, which should naturally be given a See also:uniform width; and this view has also led to the very general practice of sheltering the top of these structures with a parapet. Generally the width is proportioned to the most exposed part, so that the only result is
Iv. 16
of bream- and other Cyprinids, most of them being imported alive from See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland and sold in the Jewish fish markets.
In See also:America the name bream is commonly given to the See also:golden shiner See also:minnow (Abrarnis chrysoleucus), to the See also:pumpkin-See also:seed See also:sunfish (Eupomotis gibbosus), and to some kinds of porgy (Sparidae).
End of Article: BREAM (Abramis)
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!