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CARNATION (Dianthus Caryophyllus, nat...

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Originally appearing in Volume V05, Page 363 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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CARNATION (Dianthus Caryophyllus, natural order Caryophyllaceae)

CARNATION (Dianthus Caryophyllus, natural See also:
ORDER
ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
ORDER, HOLY
order See also:
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Caryophyllaceae) , a See also:

GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden See also:

flower, a native of See also:

SOUTHERN

southern See also:

EUROPE

Europe, but occasionally found in an apparently See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

state in See also:

England. It has See also:

long been held in high estimation for the beauty and the delightful fragrance of its blossoms. The varieties are numerous, and are ranged under three See also:

groups, called bizarres, flakes and picotees. The last, from their distinctness of See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, are now generally looked upon as if they were a different plant, whereas they are, in truth, but a seminal development from the carnation itself, their number and variety being entirely owing to the assiduous endeavours of the See also:

MODERN

modern florist to vary and to improve them. The true carnations, as distinguished from picotees, are those which have the See also:

COLOURS, MILITARY

colours arranged in See also:

LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal stripes or bars of variable width on each petal, the ground See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour being See also:

white. The bizarres are those in which stripes of two distinct colours occur on the white ground, and it is on the purity of the white ground and the clearness and evenness of the striping that the technical merit of each variety rests. There are See also:

SCARLET

scarlet bizarres marked with scarlet and maroon, See also:

CRIMSON

crimson bizarres marked with crimson and See also:

PURPLE

purple, and See also:

PINK

pink and purple bizarres marked with those two colours. The flakes have stripes of only one colour on the white ground; purple flakes are striped with purple, scarlet flakes with scarlet, and See also:

rose flakes with rose colour. The sells, those showing one colour only, as white, yellow, crimson, purple, &c., are commonly called See also:

CLOVES

cloves. The picotee has the petals laced instead of striped with a distinct colour; the subgroups are red-edged, purple-edged, rose-edged and scarlet-edged, all having white grounds; each See also:

GROUP

group divides into two sections, the heavy-edged and the See also:

LIGHT

light-edged. In the heavy-edged the colour appears to be laid on in little touches, passing from the edge inwards, but so closely that they coalesce into one See also:

LINE

line of colour from 11- to -118- of an See also:

INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch broad, and more or less feathered on the inner edge, the less feathered the better; the light-edged display only a See also:

FINE

fine edge, or " See also:

WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire " edge, of colour on the white ground. Yellow picotees are a group of See also:

GREAT

great beauty, but deficient in correct marking.

During the See also:

DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade 1898–1908 a new See also:

AMERICAN

American See also:

RACE

race of carnations became very popular with See also:

BRITISH

British growers. As the See also:

PLANTS

plants flower chiefly during the winter—from See also:

OCTOBER

October till the end of March—they are known as " See also:

winter flowering " or " perpetual "; they are remarkable for the charming delicacy and colouring of the blossoms and for the length of the flower-stalks. This enables them to be used with great effect during the dullest months of the See also:

YEAR

year for all kinds of floral decorations. These varieties are propagated by layers or cuttings or " pipings." " See also:

MARGUERITE

Marguerite " carnations are lovely annuals remarkable for their beautifully fringed blossoms. They are easily raised from seeds every year, and should be treated like See also:

HALF

half-See also:

hardy annuals. What See also:

trade growers See also:

CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call " jacks " are seedling carnations with single See also:

FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers of no great value or beauty. Thousands of these are raised every year for supplying " grass " (as the foliage is called) to put with choicer varieties. Costermongers take See also:

ADVANTAGE

advantage of the See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary householders' See also:

IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of plants by selling " jacks " as choice varieties at a high See also:

price. Carnations are usually propagated by " layering " the non-flowering shoots about the second or third See also:

WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week in See also:

JULY

July, in the open See also:

air; but almost at any See also:

period when proper shoots can be obtained under See also:

glass. Cuttings or " pipings " are also inserted in See also:

rich but very gritty See also:

SOIL

soil in See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold frames, or in beds with See also:

GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle bottom See also:

HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat in greenhouses. The rooted layers may be removed and potted or planted out towards the end of See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, or See also:

early in October, the choice sorts being potted in rather small pots and kept in a cold See also:

FRAME

frame during winter, when See also:

DAMP

damp is dangerous. New varieties can only be obtained from carefully saved seeds, or when a " See also:

SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport " is produced—i.e. when a shoot with a flower differing entirely in colour from that of the See also:

PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent plant appears unexpectedly.

" Malmaison " carnations arose in this way, and are largely cultivated in greenhouses. The soil for carnations and picotees should be a See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good turfy See also:

LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam, See also:

FREE

free from See also:

WIREWORM

wireworm, and as fibry as it can be obtained; to four parts of this add one See also:

PART

part of rotten manure and one of See also:

LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf-See also:

MOULD

mould, with sufficient See also:

sharp See also:

sand to keep it loose. A moderate addition of old See also:

lime rubbish will also be an advantage. This should be laid up in a dry See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, and frequently turned over so as to be in a free friable See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition for use towards the end of See also:

FEBRUARY

February or early in See also:

March. Carnations are subject to several diseases, the worst being the " See also:

RUST (O.E. rust, a word which appears in -many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. roest, Ger. rost); in origin it is allied with " ruddy " and " red," the reddish-brown powdery substance which forms on the surface of iron or steel exposed to atmospheric corrosio

rust " (Uromyces Caryophilinus), " leaf-spot " and maggot. The first two are checked or prevented by spraying the plants with sulphide of See also:

POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium (1 oz. to lo gallons of See also:

WATER

water), taking care to avoid the painted woodwork; while the only way to See also:

DEAL

deal with the carnation maggot is to See also:

PIERCE, FRANKLIN (1804—1869)

pierce the centre of attacked plants with a See also:

NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

needle, and to destroy the eggs whenever they are observed. Descriptive lists of the best varieties may be had from all the leading nurserymen.

End of Article: CARNATION (Dianthus Caryophyllus, natural order Caryophyllaceae)

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