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place in 1532 and 1533; and since then the eruptions have been both numerous and destructive. Among the most important are those of 1744, 1746, 1766, 1768 and 1803. In 1744 the thunderings of the volcano were heard at Honda on the Rio Magdalena, about 500 M. distant; in 1768 the quantity of ashes ejected was so See also:

GREAT

great that • it covered all the lesser vegetation as far as See also:

RIOBAMBA

Riobamba; and in 1803 See also:

Humboldt reports that at the See also:

PORT

port of See also:

GUAYAQUIL, or SANTIAGO DE GUAYAQUIL

Guayaquil, 16o m. from the See also:

CRATER

crater, he heard the See also:

NOISE (a word of doubtful origin; O. Fr. nogse or nose; Prov. nausa, which points to Lat. nausea, sickness, as the origin; others take Lat. noxia, harm, as the source)

noise See also:

day and See also:

NIGHT

night like continued discharges of a See also:

BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

battery. There were considerable outbursts in 1851, 1855, 1856, 1864 and 1877. In 1802 Humboldt made a vain See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to See also:

scale the See also:

CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone, and pronounced the enterprise impossible; and the failure of See also:

JEAN

Jean See also:

BAPTISTE

Baptiste See also:

BOUSSINGAULT, JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH DIEUDONNE (1802-1887)

Boussingault in 1831, and the See also:

double failure of M. See also:

Wagner in 1858, seemed to confirm his See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion. In 1872, however, Dr Wilhelm Reiss succeeded on the 27th and 28th of See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November in reaching the See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top; in the May of the following See also:

YEAR

year the same feat was accomplished by Dr A. Stubel, and he was followed by T. See also:

Wolf in 1877, M. von See also:

THIELMANN, JOHANN ADOLF, FREIHERR VON (1765-1824)

Thielmann in 1878 and See also:

EDWARD

Edward See also:

WHYMPER, EDWARD (1840- )

Whymper in 1880. Cotopaxi is frequently described as one of the most beautiful mountain masses of the world, rivalling the celebrated Fujiyama of See also:

JAPAN

Japan in its symmetry of outline, but overtopping it by more than 7000 ft.

It is more than 15,000 ft. higher than See also:

VESUVIUS (also Vesevus in ancient poets)

Vesuvius, over 7000 ft. higher than See also:

TENERIFFE [Tenerife]

Teneriffe, and nearly 2000 ft. higher than See also:

POPOCATEPETL (Aztec popoca " to smoke," tepetl " mountain ")

Popocatepetl. Its slope, according to See also:

ORTON, JOB (1717–1783)

Orton, is 300, according to Wagner 29°, the See also:

north-western See also:

side being slightly steeper than the south-eastern. The apical See also:

ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle is 122° 30'. The snowfall is heavier on the eastern side of the cone which is permanently covered, while the western side is usually See also:

LEFT

left See also:

BARE

bare, a phenomenon occasioned by the See also:

ACTION

action of the moist See also:

trade winds from the See also:

ATLANTIC

Atlantic. Its height according to Whymper is 19,613 ft., and its crater is 2300 ft. in See also:

DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter from N. to S., 165o ft. from E. to W., and has an approximate See also:

DEPTH

depth of 1200 ft. It is bordered by a rim of trachytic See also:

rock, forming a See also:

black coronet above the greyish volcanic dust and See also:

sand which covers its sides to a great depth. Whymper found See also:

SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow and See also:

ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice under this sand. On the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern slope, at a height of 15,059 ft., is a bare cone of porphyritic See also:

ANDESITE

andesite called El Picacho, " the See also:

BEAK (early forms beke and becke, from Fr. bec, late Lat. beccus, supposed to be a Gaulish word; the Celtic bec and beq, however, are taken from the English)

beak," or Cabeza del Inca, " the Inca's See also:

head," with dark cliffs rising fully See also:

I000

I000 ft., which according to tradition is the See also:

ORIGINAL

original See also:

SUMMIT

summit of the volcano blown off at the first-known eruption of 1532. The summit of Cotopaxi is usually enveloped in clouds; and even in the clearest See also:

month of the year it is rarely visible for more than eight or ten days. Its eruptions produce enormous quantities of See also:

PUMICE (Lat. purnex, spumex, spuma, froth)

pumice, and deep layers of mud, volcanic sand and pumice surround it on the See also:

plateau. Of the See also:

air currents about and above Cotopaxi, Wagner says (Naturw. Reisen See also:

IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im trop.

Amerika, p. 514) : " On the Tacunga Plateau, at a height of 8000 See also:

Paris feet, the prevailing direction of the See also:

wind is meridional, usually from the south in the See also:

MORNING

morning, and frequently from the north in the evening; but over the summit of Cotopaxi, at a height of 18,000 ft., the north-See also:

west wind always prevails throughout the day. The gradually-widening volcanic See also:

CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

cloud continually takes a south-eastern direction over the rim of the crater; at a height, however, of about 21,000 ft. it suddenly turns to the north-west, and maintains that direction till it reaches a height of at least. 28,000 ft.

End of Article: COTOPAXI

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