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lower Volga. According to I. V. Mushketov, the Kalmuck Steppe must be divided into two parts, western and eastern. The former, occupied by the Ergeni hills, is deeply trenched by ravines and rises 300 and occasionally 63o ft. above the sea. It is built up of See also:

TERTIARY

Tertiary deposits, belonging to the Sarmatian See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the See also:

MIOCENE

Miocene See also:

period and covered with See also:

LOESS (Ger. Loss)

loess and See also:

black See also:

earth, and its escarpments represent the old See also:

SHORE

shore-See also:

LINE

line of the Caspian. No Caspian deposits are found on or within the Ergeni hills. These hills exhibit the usual black earth See also:

FLORA

flora, and they have a settled See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population. The eastern See also:

PART

part of the steppe is a See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, lying for the most part 30 to 40 ft. below the level of the sea, and sloping gently towards the Volga. See also:

POST

Post-See also:

PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene " See also:

ARAL

Aral-Caspian deposits," containing the usual fossils (Hydrobia, Neritina, eight See also:

SPECIES

species of Cardium, two of Dreissena, three of Adacna and Lithoglyphus caspius), attain thicknesses varying from 1o5 ft. to 7 or 10 ft., and disappear in places. Lacustrine and fluviatile deposits occur intermingled with the above.

Large areas of moving sands exist near Enotayevsk, where high See also:

DUNES

dunes or barkhans have been formed. A narrow See also:

TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of See also:

LAND

land along the See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the Caspian, known as 'the " hillocks of See also:

Baer," is covered with hillocks elongated from See also:

west to See also:

east, perpendicularly to the coast-line, the spaces between them being filled with See also:

WATER

water or overgrown with thickets of See also:

reed, Salix, Ulmus campestris, See also:

ALMOND (from the O. Fr. almande or alemande, late Lat. amandola, derived through a form amingdola from the Gr. l uybian, an almond; the al- for a- is probably due to a confusion with the Arabic article al, the word having first dropped the a- as in the It

almond trees, &c. An See also:

ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago of little islands is thus formed See also:

close to the shore by these mounds, which are backed on the N. and N.W. by strings of See also:

salt lakes, partly desiccated. Small streams originate in the Ergenis, but are lost as soon as they reach the lowlands, where water can only be obtained from See also:

wells. The scanty vegetation is a mixture of the flora of See also:

south-east See also:

Russia and that of the deserts of central See also:

ASIA

Asia. The steppe has an estimated population of 130,000 persons, living in over 27,700 kibitkas, or See also:

FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt tents. There are over 6o Buddhist monasteries. Part of the Kalmucks are settled (chiefly in the hilly parts), the See also:

REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder being nomads. They breed horses, See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and See also:

sheep, but suffer heavy losses from See also:

MURRAIN (derived through O. Fr. morine, from Lat. mori, to die)

murrain. Some attempts at See also:

agriculture and See also:

tree-planting are being made. The breeding of livestock, fishing, and some domestic trades, chiefly carried on by the See also:

WOMEN

women, are the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

SOURCES

sources of See also:

MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance. See also:

Paris See also:

CONSERVATOIRE (the Fr. equivalent of Ital. Conservatorio, Ger. Conservatorium, from Med. Lat. conservatorium, a place where anything is preserved, Lat. conservare, to preserve)

Conservatoire, and soon began to See also:

PLAY

play in public.

From 1814 to 1823 he was well known as a brilliant performer and a successful teacher in See also:

LONDON

London, and then settled in Paris, dying at See also:

Enghien, near there, in 1849. He became a member of the Paris piano-manufacturing See also:

FIRM

firm of See also:

PLEYEL, IGNAZ JOSEPH (1757–1831)

Pleyel & Co., and made a See also:

FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune by his business and his See also:

art combined. His numerous compositions are less remembered now than his instruction-See also:

BOOK

book, with " studies," which have had considerable See also:

VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue among pianists.

End of Article: KALMUCK, or KALMYK STEPPE

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