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KAZAR

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Originally appearing in Volume V15, Page 704 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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KAZAR , a See also:

government of See also:middle See also:Russia, surrounded by the governments of See also:Vyatka, See also:Ufa, See also:Samara, See also:Simbirsk, Nizhniy-See also:Novgorod and See also:Kostroma. See also:Area 24,601 sq. m. It belongs to the basins of the See also:Volga and its tributary the See also:Kama, and by these streams the government is divided into three regions; the first, to the right of the See also:main See also:river, is traversed by deep ravines sloping to the See also:north-See also:east, towards the Volga, and by two ranges of hills, one of which (300 to 500 ft.) skirts the river; the second region, between the See also:left See also:bank of the Volga and the left bank of the Kama, is an open See also:steppe; and the third, between the left bank of the Volga and the right bank of the Kama, resembles in its eastern See also:part the first region, and in its western part is covered with See also:forest. Marls, limestones and sandstones, of See also:Permian or Triassic See also:age, are the See also:principal rocks; the See also:Jurassic formation appears in a small part of the Tetyushi See also:district in the See also:south; and See also:Tertiary rocks stretch along the left bank of the Volga. See also:Mineral springs (See also:iron, See also:sulphur and See also:petroleum) exist in several places. The Volga is navigable throughout its course of 200 m. through Kazan, as well as the Kama (120 M.); and the Vyatka, Kazanka, Rutka, Tsivyl, Greater Kokshaga, Ilet, Vetluga and Mesha, are not without value as waterways. About four See also:hundred small lakes are enumerated within the government; the upper and See also:lower Kaban See also:supply the See also:city of Kazan with See also:water. The See also:climate is severe, the See also:annual mean temperature being 37.8° F. The rainfall amounts to 16 in. See also:Agriculture is the See also:chief occupation, and 82 % of the See also:population are peasants. Out of 7,672,600 acres of arable See also:land, 4,516,500 are under crops—chiefly See also:rye and oats, with some See also:wheat, See also:barley, See also:buckwheat, lentils, See also:flax, See also:hemp and potatoes. But there generally results See also:great scarcity, and even See also:famine, in See also:bad years.

Live stock are numerous. Forests See also:

cover 35% of the See also:total area. See also:Bee-keeping is an important See also:industry. Factories employ about 10,000 persons and include See also:flour-See also:mills, distilleries, factories for See also:soap, candles and See also:tallow, and tanneries. A great variety of See also:petty trades, especially those connected with See also:wood, are carried on in the villages, partly for export. The fairs are well attended. There is considerable See also:shipping on the Volga, Kama, Vyatka and their tributaries. Kazan is divided into twelve districts. The chief See also:town is Kazan (q.v.). The district capitals, with their populations in 1897 are: Cheboksary (4568), Chistopol (20,161), Kozmodemyansk (52,2), Laishev (5439) Mamadyzh (4213), Spask (2779), Sviyazhsk (2363), Tetyushi (4754), Tsarevokokshaisk (1654), Tsivylsk (2337) and Yadrin (2467). Population (1879), 1872,437; (1897), 2,190,185, of whom 1,113,555 were See also:women, and 176,396 lived in towns. The estimated population in 1906 was 2.504,400.

It consists principally of Russians and See also:

Tatars, with a variety of Finno-See also:Turkish tribes: See also:Chuvashes, See also:Cheremisses, See also:Mordvinians, Votyaks, Mescheryaks, and some See also:Jews and Poles. The Russians belong to the Orthodox See also:Greek See also:Church or are Nonconformists; the Tatars are Mussulmans; and the Finno-Turkish tribes are either pagans or belong officially to the Orthodox Greek Church, the respective proportions being (in 1897) : Orthodox Greek, 69.4% of the whole; Nonconformists, 1%; Mussulmans, 28.8%. (P. A. K.; J. T.

End of Article: KAZAR

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