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dress they are thoroughly Russianized, and they are nominally Christians, though they cling to many of the Old Shamanistic practices. They number some See also:

HALF

half a million. Their See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language belongs to the Tatar or See also:

TURKISH

Turkish See also:

GROUP

group, but has been strongly influenced by the Finno-Ugrian idioms spoken round it. See Schott, De Lingua Tschuwaschorum (See also:

Berlin, 1841). CIALDINI, ENRICO (1811-1892), See also:

ITALIAN

Italian soldier, politician and diplomatist, was See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Castelvetro, in See also:

MODENA (ancient Mutina)

Modena, on the loth of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 181 r. In 1831 he took See also:

PART

part ' in the insurrection at Modena, fleeing afterwards to See also:

Paris, whence he proceeded to See also:

Spain to fight against the Carlists. Returning to See also:

Italy in 1848, he commanded a See also:

REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment at the See also:

BATTLE

battle of See also:

NOVARA

Novara: In 1859 he organized the Alpine See also:

BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

Brigade, fought at Palestro at the See also:

head of the 4th See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

Division, and in the following See also:

YEAR

year invaded the See also:

MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

Marches, won the battle of Castelfidardo, took See also:

Ancona, and subsequently directed the See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

GAETA (anc. Caietae Portus)

Gaeta. For these services he was created See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Gaeta by the See also:

king, and was assigned a See also:

PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of xo,000 lire by See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament.

In 1861 his intervention envenomed the See also:

Cavour-See also:

GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE (1807-1882)

Garibaldi dispute, royal See also:

MEDIATION (Lat. medius, middle)

mediation alone preventing a See also:

DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel between him and Garibaldi. Placed in command of the troops sent to oppose the Garibaldian expedition of 1862, he defeated Garibaldi at See also:

ASPROMONTE

Aspromonte. Between 1862 and 1866 he held the position of See also:

LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-royal at See also:

Naples, and in 1864 was created senator. On the outbreak of the See also:

war of 1866 he resumed command of an See also:

army See also:

CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, but dissensions between him and La See also:

Marmora prejudiced the issue of the See also:

CAMPAIGN

campaign and contributed to the defeat of See also:

CUSTOZZA

Custozza. After the war he refused the command of the General See also:

STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

Staff, which he wished to render See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent of the war See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office. In 1867 he attempted unsuccessfully to form a See also:

CABINET

cabinet sufficiently strong to prevent the threatened Garibaldian incursion into the papal states, and two years later failed in a similar See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt, through disagreement with See also:

LANZA, DOMENICO GIOVANNI GIUSEPPE MARIA (1810–1882)

Lanza concerning the army estimates. On the 3rd of August 187o he pleaded in favour of Italian intervention in aid of See also:

France, a circumstance which enhanced his See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence when in See also:

JULY

July 1876 he replaced See also:

NIGRA, COSTANTINO, COUNT (1828-1907)

Nigra as See also:

AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador to the See also:

French See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic. This position he held until 1882, when he resigned on See also:

account of the publication by See also:

MANCINI, PASQUALE STANISLAO (1817-1888)

Mancini of a despatch in which he had complained of arrogant treatment by M. See also:

WADDINGTON, WILLIAM HENRY (1826–1894)

Waddington. He died at See also:

LEGHORN (Ital. Livorno, Fr. Livourne)

Leghorn, on the 8th of See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1892. (H. W.

End of Article: CHUVASHES, or TCHUVASHES

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