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See also:KAZAR (called by the See also:Cheremisses Ozon) , a See also:town of eastern See also:Russia, See also:capital of the See also:government of the same name, situated in 55° 48' N. and 49° 26" E., on the See also:river Kazanka, 3 M. from the See also:Volga, which however reaches the See also:city when it overflows its See also:banks every See also:spring. Kazan lies 65o m. E. from See also:Moscow by See also:rail and 253 E. of Nizhniy-See also:Novgorod by the Volga. Pop. (1883), 140,726; (Iwo), 143,707, all Russians except for some 20,000 See also:Tatars. The most striking feature of the city is the See also:kraal or citadel, founded in 1437, which crowns a See also:low See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill on the N.W. Within its See also:wall, capped with five towers, it contains several churches, amongst them the See also:cathedral of the See also:Annunciation, founded in 1562 by Gury, the first See also:archbishop of Kazan, Kazan being an archiepiscopal see of the Orthodox See also:Greek See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church. Other buildings in the kreml are a magnificent monastery, built in 1556; an See also:arsenal; the See also:modern See also:castle in which the See also:governor resides; and the red See also:brick Suyumbeka See also:tower, 246 ft. high, which is an See also:object of See also:great veneration to the Tatars as the reputed See also:burial-See also:place of one of their See also:saints. A little E. of the kreml is the Bogoroditski See also:convent, built in 1579 for the reception of the See also:Black Virgin of Kazan, a See also:miracle-working See also:image transferred to Moscow in 1612, and in St See also:Petersburg since 1710. Kazan is the intellectual capital of eastern Russia, and an important seat of See also:Oriental scholarship. Its university, founded in 1804, is attended by nearly loon students. Attached to it are an excellent library of 220,000 vols., an astronomical See also:observatory, a botanical See also:garden and various museums. The ecclesiastical See also:academy, founded in 1846, contains the old library of the Solovetsk (Solovki) monastery, which is of importance for the See also:history of See also:Russian religious sects. The city is adorned with See also:bronze statues of See also:Tsar See also:Alexander II., set up facing the kreml. in 1895, and of the poet G. R. Derzhavin (1743–1816); also with a See also:monument commemorating the See also:capture of Kazan by See also:Ivan the
Terrible. The central parts of the city consist principally of small one-storeyed houses, surrounded by gardens, and are inhabited chiefly by Russians, while some 20,000 Tatars dwell in the suburbs. Kazan is, further, the intellectual centre of the Russian Mahommedans, who have here their more important See also:schools and their See also:printing-presses. Between the city and the Volga is the See also:Admiralty suburb, where See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter the Great had his See also:Caspian See also:fleet built for his See also:campaigns against See also:Persia. The more important manufactures are See also:leather goods, See also:soap, See also:wax candles, sacred images, See also:cloth, cottons, See also:spirits and bells. A considerable See also:trade is carried on with eastern Russia, and with See also:Turkestan and Persia. Previous to the 13th See also:century, the See also:present government of Kazan formed See also:part of the territory of the Bulgarians, the ruins of whose See also:ancient capital, See also:Bolgari or Bolgary, See also:lie 6o m. S. of Kazan. The city of Kazan itself stood, down to the 13th century, 30 M. to the N.E., where traces of it can still be seen. In 1438 Ulugh Mahommed (or Ulu Makhmet), See also:khan of the See also:Golden See also:Horde of the See also:Mongols, founded, on the ruins of the Bulgarian See also:state, the See also:kingdom of Kazan, which in its turn was destroyed by Ivan the Terrible of Russia in 1552 and its territory annexed to Russia. In 1774 the city was laid See also:waste by the See also:rebel See also:Pugachev. It has suffered repeatedly from fires, especially in 1815 and 1825. The Kazan Tatars, from having lived so See also:long amongst Russians and Finnish tribes, have lost a See also:good many of the characteristic features of their Tatar (Mongol) ancestry, and See also:bear now the See also:stamp of a distinct ethnographic type. They are found also in the neighbouring governments of See also:Vyatka, See also:Ufa, See also:Orenburg, See also:Samara, See also:Saratov, See also:Simbirsk, See also:Tambov and Nizhniy-Novgorod. They are intelligent and enterprising, and are engaged principally in trade.
See Pineghin's Kazan" Old and New (in Russian) ; Velyaminov-Zernov's See also:Kasimov Tsars (3 vols., St Petersburg, 1863–1866) ; Zarinsky's Sketches of Old Kazan (Kazan, 1877) ; Trofimov's See also:Siege of Kazan in 1552 (Kazan, 1890) ; Firsov's books on the history of the native See also:population (Kazan, 1864 and 1869) ; and Shpilevski, on the antiquities of the town and government, in Izvestia i Zapiski of the Kazan University (1877). A bibliography of the Oriental books published
in the city is printed in Bulletins of the St Petersburg Academ(1867). Compare also L. Leger's " Kazan et See also:les tartares," in Bid'. Univ. de Geneve (1874). (P. A. K.; J. T.
End of Article: KAZAR (called by the Cheremisses Ozon)
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