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See also:ROBERT II . (c. 1054—1134) was the eldest son of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William the Conqueror. Although recognized in boyhood as his See also:father's
successor in See also:Normandy, he was soon dissatisfied with his
position, and about 1078, following a See also:quarrel between his
See also:brothers and himself, he revolted. He was obliged to See also:fly
from his own See also:country, but after a See also:period of See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile he returned, raised some troops, and began to harry the duchy, wounding his father during a skirmish at Gerberoi See also:early in 1079. He was, however, quickly forgiven, and passed two or three years in See also:England and in Normandy until 1083, when he entered upon a second See also:term of exile. When the Conqueror died in See also:September ro87 Robert became See also:duke of Normandy, but not See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of England; although he received offers of help, he took no serious steps to displace his younger See also:brother, King William II. In Normandy his See also:rule was weak and irresolute. He lost the See also:county of See also:Maine, which fdr some years had been See also:united with Normandy, and he was soon at variance with his brothers, the younger of whom, See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry, he seized and put into See also:prison. In 1089 his duchy was invaded by William II., who soon made See also:peace with Robert, the two agreeing to dispossess their brother Henry of his lands in Normandy. This peace lasted until 1094, when occasions of difference again arose and another struggle began, Robert being aided by King See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip I. of See also:France.
This warfare ended in ro96, when Robert set out on the first crusade, having raised See also:money for this purpose by pledging his duchy to William for 1o,000 marks. With his followers he journeyed to See also:Constantinople; then he took See also:part in the See also:siege of See also:Nicaea, the See also:battle of Dorylaeum, and the famous battle under the walls of See also:Antioch in See also:June ro98. He shared in the siege of See also:Jerusalem and other exploits of the crusade, while one See also:account says that he was offered and refused the See also:crown of the new Latin See also:kingdom. Having won a See also:great reputation both for valour and for generosity, the duke See also:left See also:Palestine and arrived in Normandy in September r roo.
William See also:Rufus died while Robert was on his homeward way, and in See also:Italy the See also:Norman duke was greeted as king of England; but when he reached Normandy he learned that the See also:English See also:throne was already in the See also:possession of Henry I. In See also:July See also:riot he crossed over to England, intending to contest his brother's See also:title, but Henry met him near See also:Alton, in See also:Hampshire,and an amicable arrangement was made between them. Having received presents and the promise of a See also:pension, Robert went quietly See also:home. But the fraternal strife was not allayed. Henry had interests in Normandy in addition to the county of See also:Evreux, which Robert ceded to him about 1102. Visits were exchanged, but no lasting peace was made, and in I rob the English king crossed over to Normandy, where Robert was in great extremities. At the battle of Tinchebrai, fought on the 28th of September irod, Henry took his brother prisoner and carried him to England. For twenty-eight years the unfortunate duke was a See also:captive, first in the See also:Tower of See also:London, and later in the castles of See also:Devizes and See also:Cardiff, but the See also:evidence goes to show that he was not treated with See also:cruelty. He died probably at Cardiff on the loth of See also:February 1134. Robert had a son, William, called the Clito, and several natural See also:children. He was called Curthose, and also Gambaron, his figure being See also:short and stout. Although wanting in decision of See also:character, he was a skilled and able See also:warrior, and the chroniclers tell many stories, some of them obviously legendary, of his exploits in the See also:Holy See also:Land.
The See also:chief See also:sources for the See also:life of Robert II. are Ordericus Vitalis, William of See also:Malmesbury and other chroniclers of the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. See E. A. See also:Freeman, See also:History of the Norman See also:Conquest (187o-76), and The Reign of Rufus (1882).
End of Article: ROBERT II
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