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SENEFELDER, ALOIS (1771-1834)

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Originally appearing in Volume V24, Page 639 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SENEFELDER, ALOIS (1771-1834) , See also:German inventor of See also:lithography, was See also:born at See also:Munich on the 6th of See also:November 1771, his See also:father See also:Peter being an actor at the See also:Theatre Royal. Owing to the See also:death of his father he was unable to continue his legal studies at the university of See also:Ingolstadt, and tried to support himself as a performer and author, but without success. In See also:order to accelerate the publication of one of his See also:works, he frequently spent whole days in the See also:printing See also:office, and found the See also:process of printing so See also:simple that he conceived the See also:idea of purchasing a small printing See also:press, thus enabling himself to See also:print and publish his own compositions. Unable to pay for the See also:engraving of his compositions, he attempted to engrave them himself. He made numerous experiments with little success; tools and skill were alike wanting. See also:Copper-plates were expensive, and the want of a sufficient number entailed the tedious process of grinding and polishing afresh those he had used. About this See also:period his See also:attention was accidentally directed to a See also:fine piece of Kellheim See also:stone which he had See also:purchased for the purpose of grinding his See also:ink. His first idea was to use it merely for practice in his exercises in See also:writing backwards, the ease with which the stone could be ground and polished afresh being the See also:chief inducement. While he was engaged one See also:day in polishing a stone slab on which to continue his exercises, his See also:mother entered the See also:room and desired him to write 1 The. See also:convention, under the leadership of See also:Lucretia See also:Mott and See also:Elizabeth Cady See also:Stanton, adopted a " See also:Declaration of Sentiments " modelled after the See also:American Declaration of See also:Independence, and resolved " that it is the See also:duty of the See also:women of this See also:country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective See also:franchise," and " that the same amount of virtue, delicacy and refinement of behaviour that is required of woman in the social See also:state should also be required of See also:man, and the same transgressions should be visited with equal severity on both man and woman." her a See also:bill for the washer-woman, who was waiting for the See also:linen. Neither See also:paper nor ink being at See also:hand, the bill was written on the stone he had just polished. The ink used was composed of See also:wax, See also:soap and See also:lamp-See also:black. Some See also:time afterwards, when about to wipe the writing from the stone, the idea all at once struck him to try the effect of biting the stone with aqua fortis.

Surrounding the stone with a border of wax, he covered its See also:

surface with a mixture of one See also:part of aqua fortis and ten parts of See also:water. The result of the experiment was that at the end of five minutes he found the writing elevated about the tenth part of a See also:line (T v in.). He then proceeded to apply the printing ink to the stone, using at first a See also:common printer's See also:ball, but soon found that a thin piece of See also:board covered with fine See also:cloth answered better, communicating the ink more equally. He was able to take satisfactory impressions, and, the method of printing being new, he hoped to obtain a patent for it, or even some assistance from the See also:government. For years Senefelder continued his experiments, until the See also:art not only became simplified, but reached a high degree of excellence in his hands. In later years the See also:king of See also:Bavaria settled a handsome See also:pension on Senefelder. He died at Munich in 1834, having lived to see his invention brought to See also:comparative perfection.

End of Article: SENEFELDER, ALOIS (1771-1834)

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