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louis d'or, and made public in 1688. The botanical source of ipecacuanha was not accurately known until 1800. The root appears to be possessed of very See also:

GREAT

great vitality, for in 1869 MNab, of the Botanical Gardens of See also:

EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, discovered that so small a portion as- of an See also:

INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch of the annulated root, placed in suitable See also:

SOIL

soil, would throw out a See also:

LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf-bud and develop into a fresh plant, while See also:

LINDSAY

Lindsay, a gardener in the same See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment, proved that even the leaf-stalk is capable of producing roots and buds; hence there is but little See also:

PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability of the plant being destroyed in its native See also:

HABITAT (a French word derived from habiter, Lat. habitare, to dwell)

habitat. The great value of the drug in dysentery, and its rapid increase in See also:

price from an See also:

AVERAGE

average of 2S. %2d. per lb in 185o to about 8s. 9d. per lb in 187o, led to attempts to acclimatize the plant in See also:

India, which, however, have not hitherto proved to be a commercial success, owing to the difficulty of finding suitable spots for its cultivation, and to its slowness of growth. Like other dimorphic See also:

PLANTS

plants, ipecacuanha ripens seeds best when See also:

CROSS

cross-fertilized, See also:

ANTI, or CAMPA

anti presents various forms. Two of these were described by the See also:

LATE

late See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor F.

M. See also:

Balfour of Edinburgh, one distinguished by having a woody See also:

STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem,. See also:

FIRM

firm elliptic or See also:

OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval leaves, with wavy margins and few hairs, and the other by an herbaceous stem, and leaves less coriaceous in texture, more hairy and not wavy at the margins. This diversity of See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form is most apparent in See also:

young plants, and tends to disappear with See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age. 2 The name is the Portuguese form of the native word i-pe-kaaguene, which is said to mean " road-See also:

side sick-making plant " (See also:

SKEAT, WALTER WILLIAM (1835– )

Skeat, Etym. Dict. 1898). Ipecacuanha root occurs in pieces about 2 or 3 lines in thickness, of a greyish-See also:

brown or, reddish-brown tint externally, having a ringed or annulated See also:

SURFACE

surface (see r in fig.), and exhibiting a See also:

white or greyish interior and a hard wiry centre. It has a faint rather musty odour, and a bitterish See also:

TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste. It is usually mixed with more or less of the slender subterranean stem, which has a very thin bark, and is thus easily distinguished from the root. The activity of the drug resides chiefly in the cortical portion, and hence the presence of the stem diminishes its value. The variety imported from See also:

COLOMBIA

Colombia and known as See also:

CARTAGENA, or CARTHAGENA

Cartagena ipecacuanha differs only in its larger See also:

SIZE

size and in being less conspicuously annulated. Ipecacuanha owes its properties to the presence of rather more than 1% of the See also:

ALKALOID

alkaloid emetine, which, with the exception of traces, occurs only in the cortical Ipecacuanha Plant (about a nat. size).

1, 2, See also:

FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

Flowers cut open, showing See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-styled (I) and See also:

long-styled (2) forms; 3, See also:

Flower after removal of corolla, showing the inferior ovary (o), the small toothed calyx (c), and the See also:

style (s) with its forked stigma; 4, Ovary cut lengthwise showing the two See also:

chambers with the basally attached ovules; r, annulated root. portion of the root. It is a white amorphous substance, with the See also:

formula C20H30NO5. It has a See also:

BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter taste, no odour, and turns yellow when exposed to See also:

air and See also:

LIGHT

light. There are also See also:

PRESENT

present a volatile oil, See also:

STARCH

starch, See also:

GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum, and a See also:

GLUCOSIDE

glucoside, which is a modification of See also:

TANNIN, or TANNIC ACID

tannin and is known as ipecacuanhic See also:

ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid. The dose of the powdered root is 4 to 2 grains when an expectorant See also:

ACTION

action is desired, and from 15 to 30 grains when it is given as an emetic, which is one of its most valuable functions. The Pharmacopoeias contain a very large number of preparations of this substance, most of which are standardized. A preparation from which the emetine has been removed, and known as " de-emetized ipecacuanha " is also in use for cases of dysentery. When applied to the skin, ipecacuanha See also:

POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder acts as a powerful irritant, even to the extent of. causing pustulation. When inhaled it causes violent See also:

SNEEZING (0. Eng. fneosung, from fneosan, to sneeze, cf. Dutch fniezen, allied to the obsolete neeze, and ultimately to be referred to root seen in Gr. irveiv, to breathe; the initial s is due to association with numerous words, such as snort, snuff, snor

sneezing and a mild inflammation Other plants to which the name of ipecacuanha has been popularly applied are See also:

AMERICAN

American ipecacuanha (Gillenia stipulacea), See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild ipecacuanha (See also:

EUPHORBIA

Euphorbia Ipecacuanha), See also:

BASTARD (O. Fr. bastard, mod. bdtard = fits de bast, "pack-saddle child," from bast, saddle)

bastard ipecacuanha (Asclepias curassavica), See also:

GUIANA (Guyana, Guayana')

Guiana ipecacuanha (Boerhavia decumbens), See also:

VENEZUELA

Venezuela i(pecacuanha (Sarcostemma glaucum), and ipecacuanha See also:

des Allemands Vincetoxicum officinale). All these possess emetic properties to a greater or less degree. The See also:

TERM

term poaya is applied in Brazil to emetic roots of several genera belonging to the natural orders Rubiaceae, Violaceae and Polygalaceae, and hence several different roots have from See also:

time to time been sent over to See also:

England as ipecacuanha; but none of them possesses the ringed or annulated See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the true drug.

Of these the roots of Ionidium Ipecacuanha, Richardsonia scabra and Psychatria emetica are those which have most frequently been exported from Brazil or Colombia.

End of Article: IPECACUANHA

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