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PENDLESIDE See also:SERIES , in See also:geology, a series of shales between the upper See also:division of the Carboniferous See also:Limestone and the Millstone Grits occurring in the Midlands between Stoke-on-See also:Trent and See also:Settle. It consists of See also:black limestones at the See also:base, followed by black shales with calcareous nodules, which pass into sandy shales with ganister-like sandstones. In places the series attains a thickness of 15oo—r000 ft., and where it is thickest the Millstone Grits also attain their maximum thickness. The peculiarities of the series, which is characterized by a See also:rich See also:fauna with Productus giganteus, P. striatus, Dibunophyllum, Cyathaxonia See also:cornu and Lonsdaleia floriformis, can be best studied on the western slope of Pendle See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
Hill, See also:Lancashire, in the valley of the Hodder, dividing the counties of Lancashire and See also:Yorkshire, at Mam Tor and the Edale valley in See also:Derbyshire, and Morredge, the Dane valley in See also:north See also:Staffordshire, See also:Bagillt and Teilia in North See also:Wales, and See also:Scarlett and Poolvash, Isle of See also:Man. The limestones at the base are hard, compact and fissile, often cherty, and vary much in the amount of See also:calcium carbonate which they contain, at times passing into calcareous shales.
These limestones and shales contain a distinct fauna which appears for the first See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time in the Midlands, characterized by Pterinopecten papyraceus, Posidoniella laevis, Posidonomya Becheri, Posidonomya membranacea, Nomismoceras rotiforme and Glyphioceras striatus. Immediately below beds with this fauna are thin limestones with Prolecanites compressus, Stroboceras bisulcatus, many See also:trilobites, and See also:corals referable to the genera Cyathaxonia, Zaphrentis and Amplexizaphrentis. The fauna characteristic of the Carboniferous Limestone becomes largely See also:extinct and is replaced by a shale fauna, but the oncoming of the See also:age of Goniatites is shown by the presence in the upper See also:part of the Carboniferous Limestone of numerous See also:species and genera of this See also:group, Glyphioceras crenestria being the most See also:common and having the wider See also:horizontal range. The whole Pendleside series can be divided into zones by the different species of Goniatites. At the base Prolecanites compressus characterizes the passage beds between the Carboniferous Limestone and the Pendlesides; Nomismoceras rotiforme and Glyphioceras striatus are found in a narrow See also:zone immediately above. Then Glyphioceras reticulatum appears and reaches its maximum, and is succeeded by Glyphioceras diadema and Glyphioceras spirale, while immediately below the Millstone Grits Glyphioceras bilingue appears and passes up in that series. The Millstone Grits are characterized by the presence of Gastrioceras Listeri. The Pendleside series is therefore characterized by an Upper Carboniferous fauna, Pterinopecten papyraceus, Posidoniella laevis and some other species which pass up right through the See also:Coal See also:Measures appearing for the first time, and the base of the series rnarks the division between Upper and See also:Lower Carboniferous times.
The series passes eastward into See also:Belgium and thence into See also:Germany, when the same fossil zones are found in the See also:basin of See also:Namur and the valley of the See also:Dill. Traced westward the series is well See also:developed in Co. See also:Dublin and on the See also:west See also:coast of See also:Cos. See also:Clare and See also:Limerick. There can be no doubt that the Pendleside series of the Midlands represents the Lower See also:Culm of Codden Hill, north See also:Devon, and the Lower Culm of the See also:continent of See also:Europe. The faunas in these localities have the same biological See also:succession as in the midlands.
See Wheelton See also:Hind and J. See also:- ALLEN, BOG OF
- ALLEN, ETHAN (1739–1789)
- ALLEN, GRANT CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIEI, (1848–1899)
- ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1850– )
- ALLEN, JOHN (1476–1534)
- ALLEN, or ALLEYN, THOMAS (1542-1632)
- ALLEN, WILLIAM (1532-1594)
- ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS (183o-1889)
Allen See also:Howe, Quart. Journ. Geog. See also:Soc. vol. lvii. (1901), and numerous other papers by the first-named author. . (W.
End of Article: PENDLESIDE SERIES
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