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THEINNI

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Originally appearing in Volume V26, Page 744 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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THEINNI , or HsENWI, one of the See also:

NORTHERN

Northern Shan States of See also:

BURMA

Burma. It is called by the See also:

SHANS

Shans Hsenwi, and also officially so designated, but is better known by the Burmanized name of Theinni. It was by far the largest of the cis-See also:

SALWEEN

Salween Shan states, and at one See also:

time included not only all the territory of the See also:

PRESENT

present states of See also:

North and See also:

South Hsenwi, but also Kehsi Mansam, Mong Hsu, Mong Sang, and 1Vlong Nawng, besides having a sort of See also:

PROTECTORATE

protectorate over See also:

MANG

Mang Lon and other Wa states See also:

east of the Salween. These had, however, fallen away. in Burmese times, and at the See also:

period before the See also:

BRITISH

British See also:

ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation Theinni was divided into five parts by name; but there was no central authority, and the whole See also:

state was in hopeless disorder. This continued until the See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of British troops in See also:

March 1888, when it was divided into two states—North Theinni, which was assigned to a successful adventurer, Hkun Sang, of Ton Hong, and South Theinni, which went to Nawmong, of the old Shan ruling See also:

house. North Theinni has an See also:

AREA

area of 6330 sq. m., and a See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population (1901) of 118,325 persons; estimated See also:

revenue, £6oco. South Theinni has an area of 2400 sq. m., with a population (in 1901) of 67,836; estimated revenue, £4800. The northern See also:

PART

part of North Theinni is a See also:

mass of hills affected by the See also:

GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault which has produced the rift that forms the Nam Tu or Myit-nge valley, and has thrown up a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of parallel ranges which extend northwards to the Shweli (See also:

LUNG

Lung Kiang), without altogether destroying the north and south trend which is the characteristic of the Shan hills as a whole. In the valleys between these hills are numerous tracts under See also:

rice cultivation, some circular or See also:

OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval, some See also:

mere ribands along the See also:

RIVER

river See also:

banks. The See also:

SOUTHERN

southern portion has much more See also:

FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

LAND

land, along the See also:

LINE

line of the Nam Tu, its tributaries the Nam Yao and the Nam Nim, and the Nam Yek flowing into the Saiween. This was formerly thickly populated, and still remains the most valuable portion of the state. A range See also:

RUNNING

running westwards from the Salween, and marking the southern border of the rift in the hills, divides North from South Theinni.

Both north and south of the Nam Tu there are many peaks which rise to 6000 ft., and several over 7000 ft.- The northern portion is almost consistent enough in its See also:

ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of about 4000 ft. to be called a See also:

plateau. It has large, grassy, upland See also:

DOWNS

downs. This part of the state has fallen almost entirely into the hands of the See also:

Machine. The Shans are found in the Nam See also:

Mao (Shweli or Lung Kiang) valley, and in the Nam Tu and other valleys in the southern part of the state. The line of the Nam Mao is the lowest portion of North Theinni, being little over 2000 ft. above See also:

sea-level. The southern valleys are about 500 or more ft. higher. South Theinni is practically bisected by the huge mass of Lei' See also:

LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

Ling, nearly 9000 ft. above sea-level, and by the spurs which that See also:

PEAK, THE

peak sends north and south. Apart from this it consists of broken See also:

hill-See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of no See also:

GREAT

great height, or open See also:

ROLLING

rolling downs, the latter chiefly in the eastern See also:

HALF

half of the state. It is watered by numerous streams, of which the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief is the Nam Pang, an affluent of the Salween. The chief river in the northern state, apart from the Salween, is the Nam Tu or Myit-nge, which rises on the See also:

IRRAWADDY, or IRAWADI

Irrawaddy-Salween See also:

WATERSHED

watershed, not far from the latter river, and flows westwards through the state into Taungbaing or See also:

THIBAW, or HSIPAW

Thibaw, and eventually into the Irrawaddy at Amarapura. The Nam Mao or Shweli only skirts the state, but it receives a considerable tributary, the Nam Paw, which has its entire course in Theinni territory, and is large enough to be barely fordable in the dry See also:

WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, and only passable by boats in the rains. The deforestation caused by years of upland cultivation has dried up many of the springs, but as a whole North Theinni is very well watered.

Considerable deposits of See also:

COAL

coal, or rather of See also:

LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite, exist in both North and South Theinni, but do not appear to be of high quality. See also:

Gold is washed in many of the streams in a fitful way. See also:

LIMESTONE

Limestone exists in large quantities. No valuable See also:

TIMBER

timber exists to any considerable extent. There is some See also:

TEAK

teak in the Nam Yao valley, and scattered See also:

wood-oil trees exist. See also:

PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

Pine forests See also:

COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover some of the ranges, but, as elsewhere in the Shan states, varieties of the See also:

OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak and See also:

CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut are the commonest See also:

FOREST

forest trees. The See also:

CLIMATE

climate of the state as a whole is temperate. In the plains of the uplands there are yearly frosts in See also:

JANUARY

January, See also:

FEBRUARY

February and March, but in the greater part of the state the thermometer rarely falls to freezing-point, and in the hot weather does not exceed ninety degrees for any length of time. The See also:

AVERAGE

average rainfall seems to be about 6o in. yearly. After the disruption of the See also:

ancient Shan See also:

EMPIRE

empire at Tali by Kublai See also:

KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan, Theinni seems to have been the centre of the See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent Shan See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom, with various capitals in the Shweli and Nam Tu valleys. This kingdom of Kawsampi was ended by the Burmese about 1738, and the country was divided into various states, with See also:

APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment orders from See also:

Ava. Numerous rebellions and See also:

CIVIL

civil See also:

WARS

wars have reduced Theinni from its position as the most powerful and populous Shan state to a See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of fearful desolation.

It has regained much population since the British occupation in 1888, but is still far from its old prosperity. Much may be expected from the See also:

CART (A.S. crcet, Gaelic cairt; connected with " car ")

cart roads that have been made, and from the See also:

MANDALAY

Mandalay-Kun See also:

long Railway. Hsenwi, the See also:

capital of North Theinni, stands near the north See also:

BANK

bank of the Nam Tu. The ruins of the old capital See also:

lie at a See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance, and show it to have been a large and well-built See also:

TOWN

town, with a number of houses variously estimated at from three to ten thousand. Mong Yai is the capital of South Theinni, with a population of about 2000. See also:

LASHIO

Lashio, the headquarters of the See also:

SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of the Northern Shan State, is in North Theinni. The races found in Theinni comprise Shans, Kachins, See also:

CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, Burmese, Lihsaws, Wa, Palaungs and Yanglam. The Shans and Kachins vastly predominate, and are nearly equal in See also:

numbers. (J. G.

End of Article: THEINNI

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