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town was on a lower level than the capitol and most of the other public buildings. The ruins of the capitol occupy a prominent position in the south-west of the city. Some of the columns of the See also:

FACADE

facade (which are of the Corinthian See also:

order and 45 ft. high) have been re-erected. The dimensions of the capitol correspond with those of the See also:

PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

Pantheon at See also:

Rome. Immediately north of the capitol are the remains of a large See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market; to the east are the ruins of the See also:

FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

forum, See also:

BASILICA

basilica and See also:

THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre. The auditorium of the theatre, which held nearly 4000 persons, is See also:

COMPLETE

complete. A little west of the theatre are See also:

BATHS

baths, containing paved and See also:

MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic floors in perfect preservation. Ruins of other and larger thermae are found in all four quarters of the city, those on the north being very extensive.

Across the Decumanus Maximus just north-east of the market is the See also:

arch of See also:

TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan—still erect, and restored in 1900. The arch is of the Corinthian order, and has three openings, the central one being 11 ft. wide. Each facade has four fluted columns 19 ft. high. The See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief material used in See also:

BUILDING

building the arch was See also:

SANDSTONE

sandstone. The fluted columns are of See also:

FINE

fine See also:

white See also:

LIMESTONE

limestone and smaller columns are of coloured See also:

MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble. At the other (eastern) end of the See also:

street are the remains of another triumphal arch. West of the capitol are the ruins of a large See also:

church, a square building with circular See also:

apse, built in the 7th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century. There are also remains of six other churches. About 400 yds. south of the city, the walls nearly entire, is a ruined citadel, a quadrangular building 36o ft. by 295 ft., with eight towers. It was built (or rebuilt) by the See also:

BYZANTINE

Byzantine See also:

army in the 6th century. Near the northern thermae is the See also:

house of the director of the excavations and a museum containing small See also:

OBJECTS

objects found in the ruins. Numerous See also:

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions have been found on the ruins, and from them many events in the See also:

HISTORY

history of Thamugas have been learnt.

In the See also:

YEAR

year A.U. 100 the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Trojan gave orders to build a city on the site of a fortified See also:

POST

post on the road between Theveste and Lambaesis. This city, called Colonia Marciana Trajana Thamugas (Marciana in See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of Trojan's See also:

SISTER

sister) appears from the inscriptions to have been completed, as far as the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal buildings were concerned, in seventeen years. A See also:

LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion' of See also:

PARTHIAN

Parthian veterans was stationed in the newly founded city. From the See also:

time of its See also:

FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation to the 4th century Thamugas seems to have enjoyed a peaceful and prosperous existence. Numerous inscriptions testify to the manner of See also:

LIFE

life of the citizens. In the 3rd century Thamugas became a centre of See also:

Christian activity, and in the next century espoused the cause of the See also:

DONATISTS

Donatists. The city declined in importance after the Vandal invasion in the 5th century, and was found in a ruinous See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition by the Byzantine See also:

general See also:

Solomon, who occupied it A.D. 535• It is believed that the See also:

BERBERS

Berbers from the neighbouring mountains destroyed the city, hoping thus to prevent it being used as a stronghold from which to harry them. Thamugas was, however, repeopled, and in the 7th century was a Christian city. After the defeat of Gregorius, See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

Africa, by the See also:

ARABS

Arabs in 647, Thamugas passes from history. After centuries of neglect -See also:

James See also:

Bruce, the See also:

AFRICAN

African traveller, visited the spot (1765), made careful drawings of the monuments and deciphered some of the inscriptions.

Bruce was followed, more than a century later (1875), by See also:

Sir R. See also:

Lambert See also:

Playfair, See also:

BRITISH

British See also:

consul-general at See also:

ALGIERS (Fr. Alger, Arab. Jezair, i.e. The Islands)

Algiers, and soon afterwards (1875-1876) See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Masqueray published a See also:

REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report on the See also:

state of the ruins. Since 1881 Thamugas has been systematically explored, and the ruins excavated under the direction of the Service See also:

des monuments hisloriques. Among the objects discovered are a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

standard See also:

MEASURES

measures—five cavities hollowed out of a See also:

stone slab. . Seventeen See also:

MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles west of Timgad, on the site of the See also:

ROMAN

Roman city Lambaesis, is See also:

LAMBESSA

Lambessa (q.v.). See G. Boeswillwald, R. Cagnat and A. Ballu, Timgad, une cite a ricaine sous l'See also:

EMPIRE

empire remain; and A. Ballu, See also:

GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

Guide illustre de Timgad (Faris, 1903).

End of Article: TIMGAD

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