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See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
WILLIAM IV ., See also:landgrave of See also:Hesse (1532-1592), was the son and successor of the landgrave See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip the Magnanimous. He took a leading See also:part in safeguarding the results of the See also:Reformation and was indefatigable in his endeavours to unite the different sections of Protestantism for the See also:sake of effective resistance against the See also:Catholic reaction. His counsels were marred by his reluctance to See also:appeal to arms at the See also:critical moments of See also:action, and by the slenderness of his own resources, but they deserve See also:attention for their broad See also:common sense and spirit of tolerance. As an See also:administrator of his principality he displayed rare See also:energy, issuing numerous ordinances, appointing See also:expert officials, and in particular establishing the finances on a scientific basis. By a See also:law of See also:primogeniture he secured his See also:land against such testamentary divisions as had diminished his own portion of his See also:father's See also:estate. He not only patronized See also:art and See also:science, but continued as ruler the intercourse with scholars which he had cultivated in his youth.
William was a See also:pioneer in astronomical See also:research and perhaps owes his most lasting fame to his discoveries in this See also:branch of study. Most of the See also:mechanical contrivances which made Tycho See also:Brahe's See also:instruments so See also:superior to those of his contemporaries were adopted at See also:Cassel about 1584, and from that See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time the observations made there seem to have been about as accurate as Tycho's; but the resulting longitudes were 6' too See also:great in consequence of the adopted See also:solar See also:parallax of 3'. The See also:principal See also:fruit of the observations was a See also:catalogue of about a thousand stars, the places of which were deter-See also:mined by the methods usually employed in the 16th See also:century, connecting a fundamental See also:star by means of See also:Venus with the See also:sun, and thus finding its See also:longitude and See also:latitude, while other stars could at any time be referred to the fundamental star. It should be noticed that clocks, on which Tycho Brahe depended very little, were used at Cassel for finding the difference of right See also:ascension between Venus and the sun before sunset; Tycho preferred observing the angular distance between the sun and Venus when the latter was visible in the daytime. The See also:Hessian star catalogue was published in See also:Lucius Barettus's Historia coelestis (See also:Augsburg, 1668), and a number of other observations are to be found in Coeli et siderum in eo errantium observationes Hassiacae (See also:Leiden, 1618), edited by Willebrord See also:Snell. R. See also:Wolf, in his " Astronomische Mittheilungen," No. 45 (Vierteljahrsschrift der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in See also:Zurich, 1878), has given a resume of the See also:manuscripts still preserved at Cassel, which throw much See also:light on the methods adopted in the observations and reductions.
End of Article: WILLIAM IV
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