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Ceylon it is spoken of under the name of parangi. The name franaboesia was first given to the disease by Sauvages in 1759 from the likeness of the typical excrescences to a See also:

RASPBERRY

raspberry. For many years yaws was thought to be peculiar to the See also:

AFRICAN

African See also:

NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro, either in his See also:

home (both west and See also:

east coasts) or in the West Indies and Brazil. But a disease the same in every respect has See also:

long been known in the East Indies (first mentioned by Bontius See also:

early in the 17th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century), affecting the See also:

MALAYS

Malays rather than the negroes, its See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief seats being See also:

AMBOYNA (Dutch Ambon)

Amboyna, See also:

TERNATE

Ternate, See also:

Timor, See also:

CELEBES

Celebes, See also:

JAVA

Java and See also:

SUMATRA

Sumatra. It has been identified by De Rochas and other observers in New See also:

CALEDONIA

Caledonia and Fiji. The See also:

general course of the disease is as follows. Previous to the eruption there may or may not be any disorder of See also:

HEALTH

health: in See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children (who See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form a large See also:

PART

part of the subjects of yaws) there will probably be rheumatic pains in the limbs and See also:

JOINTS

joints, with languor, debility and upset of the digestion; in adults of See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary vigour the eruption is often the first sign, and it is attended with few or no constitutional troubles. The eruption begins as small pimples like a See also:

PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin's See also:

head, smooth and nearly level with the See also:

SURFACE

surface; they have a little whitish speck on their tops, grow rapidly and reach the See also:

SIZE

size of a sixpence or a See also:

SHILLING

shilling. The pustules then break and a thick viscid ichor exudes and dries upon them as a whitish See also:

SLOUGH

slough and around their See also:

BASE

base as a yellowish-See also:

brown crust. Beneath the whitish slough is the raspberry excrescence or yaw proper, a reddish fungous growth with a nodular surface.

The favourite seats of the eruption are the forehead, See also:

FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, See also:

NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, See also:

ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm-pits, See also:

GROIN

groin, genitals, perinaeum and buttocks. Hairs at the seat of a yaw turn See also:

white. In See also:

young children or infants the corners of the mouth ulcerate, as in syphilis, and the perineal excrescences resemble condylomata. The pustules and excrescences do not all arise in one See also:

CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop: some are found mature while others are only starting. If the patient be of See also:

sound constitution and See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good reaction, the yaws may reach the full size of a mulberry in a See also:

month, in which See also:

case they will probably be few; but in persons of poor health they may take three months to attain the size of a See also:

wood-See also:

STRAWBERRY (Fragaria)

strawberry, in which case they will be numerous inversely to their size. Often there is one yaw much larger than the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, and longer in falling; it is called the " See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master yaw " " or See also:

MOTHER

mother yaw." On the soles of the feet (less often on the palms of the hands) the bursting yaws are as if imprisoned beneath the horny cuticle; they cause swelling and tenderness of the See also:

FOOT

foot, until set See also:

FREE

free by paring the callous skin down to the See also:

QUICK

quick; these yaws are called " crab yaws " or tubbas. Usually a yaw is painless unless when rubbed or irritated. The See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of See also:

pain is used as a diagnostic sign if there be any doubt as to the nature of the attack: a pustule is opened and a little of the juice of See also:

CAPSICUM

capsicum dropped into it; if it be a yaw, no smarting will be See also:

FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt. In some cases a few yaws will show themselves long after the See also:

PRIMARY

primary attack is over; these are called " memba yaws " (from " remember "), the See also:

TERM

term being sometimes applied also to protracted cases with successive crops of eruption. Six See also:

WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks is the See also:

AVERAGE

average See also:

time in a good case, from the first of the eruption to the fall of the excrescences; in such See also:

REGULAR

regular cases a scar remains, it may be for many months, darker than the rest of the (negro) skin. But the disease is often a much more tedious affair, the more protracted type having become See also:

COMMON

common in the West Indies of See also:

RECENT

recent years. In such cases the eruption comes out by degrees and as if with difficulty, crop after crop; foul, excavating and corroding ulcers may remain, or a See also:

LIMB

limb may be in part seamed and mutilated by the scars of old ulceration.

The scars after ulceration are not so dark as the skin around. See also:

AETIOLOGY, or ETIOLOGY (from Gr. atria, cause, and Xo yia, discourse)

Aetiology.—Yaws is a highly contagious disease. It is neither hereditary nor congenital. The disease spreads by contact with previously infected cases, though it has been stated that infection also arises from inhabiting dirty houses, the floors and walls of which are contaminated with yawey See also:

MATTER

matter from former yaw cases; and it is also believed, and has been proved by experiment, that infection may be conveyed by flies, which See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as go-betweens, carrying infective material from a yaws sore to an ordinary See also:

ULCER

ulcer. The See also:

VIRUS, CHRISTOBAL DE (1550?-1615?)

virus must be introduced directly through a See also:

BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach of the skin or mucous membrane; an attack in childhood gives a large degree of See also:

IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity for the rest of See also:

LIFE

life. A micrococcus was found by Pierez and Nicholls in the tubercles of yaws, but a pure culture of this micro-organism failed to give rise to yaws in animals into whom it was injected experimentally, and in no instance was it See also:

PRESENT

present in the See also:

BLOOD

blood. In 1905 Aldo Castellani demonstrated in yaws the presence of a slender spirillum, which he named the Spirochaeta pertenuis or Spirochaeta pallidula. It was also experimentally proved by him (I) that the material taken from persons suffering from yaws and containing the Spirochaeta pertenuis is infective to monkeys;(2) that when the Spirochaeta pertenuis is removed by filtration the material becomes inert; (3) that the injection of blood from the general circulation of a yaws patient gave See also:

POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive results in monkeys; (4) by means of the Bordet-Gengou reaction it is possible to detect specific yaws See also:

ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-bodies and antigen. The prophylaxis consists in the segregation of the patients suffering from the disease, the antiseptic dressing of the eruption, the application of a covering to protect it from flies, and the thorough cleansing and disinfection of infected houses and clothing, even the demolition of houses in endemic centres, and finally the compulsory notification of cases of yaws to the local sanitary authority. As regards treatment, the malady in a See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of good constitution runs its course and gets well in a few weeks. What-ever tends to check the eruption, such as exposure to chill, is to be avoided. A See also:

WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week's course of cream of See also:

TARTAR

tartar and See also:

SULPHUR

sulphur (confection of sulphur) at the beginning of the illness is often resorted to, so as to bring the eruption well out.

The patient should remain indoors, in a well-aired See also:

ROOM

room, and take daily warm See also:

BATHS

baths and diluent drinks. If the excrescences are flabby and unhealthy, it is an indication for generous See also:

DIET

diet. When the eruption is declared, iodide of See also:

POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium and See also:

ARSENIC (symbol As, atomic weight 75.0)

arsenic are very beneficial. As See also:

EXTERNAL

external applications, weak lotions of See also:

ZINC

zinc or carbolic See also:

ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid may be used, and, if the excrescences are irritable, a watery See also:

SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of See also:

OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium. Tedious and unhealthy yaws should be dressed with a See also:

WASH, THE

wash of sulphate of zinc or of See also:

COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper; the same may be applied to a yaw ulcer. The crab yaws of the horny soles or palms, after they are let through by paring the cuticle, may be dusted with See also:

ALUM

alum See also:

POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder. On the whole, the mortality is small. In 7157 West See also:

INDIAN

Indian cases treated in various hospitals there were only 185 deaths, a mortality of 25.8 per thousand (Nicholls).

End of Article: YAWS

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