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See also:CHAPTAL, See also:JEAN See also:ANTOINE See also:CLAUDE, See also:COMTE DE CHANTELour (1756–1832), See also:French chemist and statesman, was See also:born at See also:Nogaret, See also:Lozere, on the 4th of See also:June 1756. The son of an See also:apothecary, he studied See also:chemistry at See also:Montpellier, obtaining his See also:doctor's diploma in 1777, when he repaired to See also:Paris. In 1781 the States of See also:Languedoc founded a See also:chair of chemistry for him at the school of See also:medicine in Montpellier, where he taught the doctrines of See also:Lavoisier. The See also:capital he acquired by the See also:death of a wealthy See also:uncle he employed in the See also:establishment of chemical
See also:works for the manufacture of the See also:mineral acids, See also:alum, See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white-See also:lead, soda and other substances. His labours in the cause of applied See also:science were at length recognized by the French See also:government, which presented him with letters of See also:nobility, and the See also:cordon of the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of See also:Saint See also:Michel. During the Revolution a publication by Chaptal, entitled See also:Dialogue entre un Montagnard et un Girondin, caused him to be arrested; but being speedily set at See also:liberty through the intermission of his See also:friends, he undertook, in 1793, the management of the See also:saltpetre works at Grenelle. In the following See also:year he went to Montpellier, where he remained till 1797, when he returned to Paris. After the coup d'etat of the 18th of See also:Brumaire (See also:November 9, 1799) he was made a councillor of See also:state by the First See also:Consul, and succeeded Lucien See also:Bonaparte as See also:minister of the interior, in which capacity he established a chemical manufactory near Paris, a school of arts, and a society of See also:industries; he also reorganized the hospitals, introduced the metrical See also:system of weights and See also:measures, and otherwise greatly encouraged the arts and sciences. A misunderstanding between him and See also:Napoleon (who conferred upon him the See also:title of comte de Chanteloup) occasioned Chaptal's retirement from See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office in 1804; but before the end of that year he was again received into favour by the See also:emperor, who bestowed on him the See also:grand See also:cross of the See also:Legion of See also:Honour, and made him treasurer to the conservative See also:senate. On Napoleon's return from See also:Elba, Chaptal was made director-See also:general of See also:commerce and manufactures and a minister of state. He was obliged after the downfall of the emperor to withdraw into private See also:life; and his name was removed from the See also:list of the peers of See also:France until 1819. In 1816, however, he was nominated a member of the See also:Academy of Sciences by See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XVIII. Chaptal was especially a popularizer of science, attempting to apply to See also:industry and See also:agriculture the discoveries of chemistry. In this way he contributed largely to the development of See also:modern industry. He died at Paris on the 3oth of See also:July 1832.
FIis See also:literary works exhibit both vigour and perspicuity of See also:style; he wrote, in addition to various articles, especially in the Annales de chimie, Elemens de chimie (3 vols., 1790; new ed., 1796–1803); Traite du salpetre et See also:des goudrons (1796); Tableau des principaux sets terreux (1798); Essai sur le perfectionnement des arts chimiques en France (1800); See also:Art de faire, de gouverner, et de perfectionner See also:les vins (i vol., 18o1 ; new ed., 1819) ; Traite theorique et pratique sur la culture de la See also:vigne, &c. (2 vols., 1801 ; new ed., 1811); Essai sur le blanchiment (18o1); La Chimie appliquee aux arts (4 vols., 1806); Art de la teinture du coton en See also:rouge (18w); Art du teinturier et du degraisseur (1800); De l'industrie francaise (2 vols., 1819); Chimie appliquee a l'agriculture (2 vols., 1823; new ed., 1829).
End of Article: CHAPTAL, JEAN ANTOINE CLAUDE, COMTE DE
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