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common monocotyledonous type of flower. Generally the perianth is represented by hairs, bristles or similar developments, often in-definite in number; in the two largest genera, Cyperus, (fig. I) and Carex (fig. 2), the flowers are naked. In a few cases two whorls of stamens are See also:

PRESENT

present, with three members in each, but generally only three are present; the See also:

PISTIL

pistil consists of three or two carpels, See also:

UNITED

united to See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form an ovary bearing a corresponding number of styles and containing one ovule. The flowers, which are often unisexual, are See also:

wind-pollinated. The See also:

FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit is one-seeded, with a tough, leathery or hard See also:

wall. There are nearly 70 genera containing about 3000 See also:

SPECIES

species and widely distributed throughout the See also:

earth, chiefly as See also:

marsh-plants. In the See also:

ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

arctic See also:

ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone they form 1o% of the See also:

FLORA

flora; they will flourish in soils See also:

rich in humus which are too See also:

ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid to support grasses.

The large genus Cyperus contains about 400 species, chiefly in the warmer parts of the earth; C. See also:

PAPYRUS

Papyrus is the See also:

EGYPTIAN

Egyptian Papyrus. Carex, CY-PRES-See also:

CYPRESS (Cupressus)

CYPRESS 693 testator cannot be carried into effect, the See also:

court will apply the funds to some other purpose, as near the See also:

ORIGINAL

original as possible (whence the name). For instance, a testator having See also:

LEFT

left a fund to be divided into four parts—one-See also:

FOURTH

fourth to be used for " the redemption of See also:

BRITISH

British slaves in See also:

TURKEY

Turkey and See also:

BARBARY

Barbary," and the other three-fourths for various See also:

LOCAL

local charities—it was found that there were no British slaves in Turkey or Barbary, and as to that See also:

PART

part of the See also:

GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift therefore the testator's purpose failed. In- See also:

STEAD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1849– )

stead of allowing the portion of the fund devoted to this impossible purpose to See also:

LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse to the next of See also:

KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

kin, the court devoted it to the purposes specified for the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the See also:

ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate. This See also:

DOCTRINE

doctrine is only applied where " a See also:

general intention of charity is See also:

MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest " in the will, and not where one particular See also:

OBJECT

object only was present to the mind of the testator. Thus, a testator having left See also:

MONEY

money to be applied in See also:

BUILDING

building a See also:

church in a See also:

PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par- ticular See also:

PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish, and that having been found to be impossible, the fund will not be applied 2.-Carex riparia, the largest British sedge, from 3 to 5 ft. high. 1, Male flower cy-pres, but will go to the next of kin. of Carex; 2, See also:

FEMALE

female flower of Carex; 3, seed of Carex, cut lengthwise. In the United States, charitable See also:

TRUSTS

trusts have become more frequent as the See also:

WEALTH

wealth of the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country has progressed, and are regarded with in-creasing favour by the courts. The cy-pres doctrine has been either expressly or virtually applied to uphold them in several of the states, and in some there has been legislation in the same direction. In others the doctrine has been repudiated, e.g. in See also:

Michigan, See also:

TENNESSEE

Tennessee, See also:

INDIANA

Indiana and See also:

Virginia.

For many years the New See also:

York courts held that this doctrine was not in force there, but in 1893 the legislature repealed the provisions of the revised statutes on which these decisions rested and restored the See also:

ancient See also:

law. Statutes passed in See also:

Pennsylvania have established the doctrine there, and dissolved any doubt as to its being in force in that See also:

state.

End of Article: CYPERACEAE

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