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HURDLE RACING

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Originally appearing in Volume V13, Page 958 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HURDLE RACING , See also:running races over See also:short distances, at intervals in which a number of hurdles, or fence-like obstacles, must be jumped. This has always been a favourite See also:branch of track athletics, the usual distances being 12o yds., 220 yds. and 440 yds. The 120 yds. hurdle See also:race is run over ten hurdles 3 ft. 6 in. high and to yds. apart, with a space of 15 yds. from the start to the first hurdle and a like distance from the last hurdle to the finish. In See also:Great See also:Britain the hurdles are fixed and the race is run on grass; in See also:America the hurdles, although of the same height, are not fixed, and the races are run on the cinder track. The " See also:low hurdle race " of 220 yds. is run over ten hurdles 2 ft. 6. in. high and 20 yds. apart, with like distances between the start and the first hurdle and between the last hurdle and the finish. The See also:record See also:time for the 120 yds. race on grass is 15-t secs., and on cinders 1s secs., both of which were performed by A. C. Kraenzlein, who also holds the record for the 220 yds. low hurdle race, 231 secs. For 440 yds. over hurdles the record time is 57A secs., by T. M.

See also:

Donovan, and by J. B. Densham at See also:Kennington See also:Oval in 1907. HURDY-GURDY (Fr. See also:vielle d manivelle, symphonic or chyfonie a roue; Ger. Bauernleier, Deutscheleier, Bettlerleier, Radleier; Ital. See also:lira tedesca, lira rustica, lira pagana), now loosely used as a synonym for any grinding See also:organ, but strictly a See also:medieval See also:drone See also:instrument with strings set in vibration by the See also:friction of a See also:wheel, being a development of the See also:organistrum (q.v.) reduced in See also:size so that it could be conveniently played by one See also:person instead of two. It consisted of a See also:box or soundchest, sometimes , rectangular, but more generally having the outline of the See also:guitar; inside it had a wheel, covered with See also:leather and rosined, and worked by means of a See also:crank at the tail end of the instrument. On the fingerboard were placed movable frets or keys, which, on being depressed, stopped the strings, at points corresponding to the diatonic intervals of the See also:scale. At first there were 4 strings, later 6. In the organistrum three strings, acted on simultaneously by the keys, produced the See also:rude See also:harmony known as organum. When this passed out of favour, superseded by the first beginnings of polyphony over a pedal See also:bass, the organistrum gave See also:place to the hurdy-gurdy. Instead of acting on all the strings, the keys now affected the first See also:string only, or " chanterelle," though in some cases certain keys, made longer, also reached the third string or " trompette "; the result was that. a diatonic See also:melody could be played on the chanterelles. The other open strings always sounded simultaneously as See also:long as the wheel was turned, like drones on the bag-See also:pipe.

The hurdy-gurdy originated in See also:

France at the time when the See also:Paris School or Old See also:French School was laying the See also:foundations d See also:counterpoint and polyphony. During the 13th and 14th centuries it was known by the name of See also:Symphonia or Chyfonie, and in See also:Germany Lira or Leyer. Its popularity remained undiminished in France until See also:late in the 18th See also:century. Although the hurdy-gurdy never obtained recognition among serious musicians in Germany, the See also:idea embodied in the mechanism stimulated (1786-1842) to See also:Halle. In 1865 he was accused by some theologians of the See also:Hengstenberg school of heretical doctrines. From this See also:charge, however, he successfully cleared himself, the entire theological See also:faculty, including See also:Julius See also:Muller (1801-1878) and See also:August See also:Tholuck (1799-1877), bearing testimony to his sufficient orthodoxy. He died at Halle on the 24th of See also:April 1866. His earliest See also:works in the See also:department of Semitic See also:philology (Exercitationes Aethiopicae, 1825, and De emendanda ratione lexicographiae Semiticae, 1827) were followed by the first See also:part (1841), mainly See also:historical and See also:critical, of an Ausfuhrliche Hebraische Grammatik, which he did not live to See also:complete, and by a See also:treatise on the See also:early See also:history of See also:Hebrew See also:grammar among the See also:Jews (De rei grammaticae apud Judaeos initiis antiquissimisque scriptoribus, Halle, 1846). His See also:principal, contribution to Biblical literature, the exegetical and critical Ubersetzung and Auslegung der Psalmen, began to appear in 1855, and was completed in 1861 (2nd..ed. by E. See also:Riehm, 1867-1871, 3rd ed. 1888). Other writings are Uber Begriff and Methode der sogenannten biblischen Einleitung (See also:Marburg, 1844) ; De primitiva et See also:vera festorum apud Hebraeos ratione (Halle, 1851–1864) ; See also:Die Quellen der See also:Genesis von neuem untersucht (See also:Berlin, 1853) ; Die heutige theosophische ()der mythologische Theologie and Schrifterklarung (1861).

See E. Riehm, See also:

Hermann See also:Hupfeld (Halle, 1867) ; W. See also:Kay, Crisis Hupeldiana (1865); and the See also:article by A. Kamphausen in See also:Band viii. of See also:Herzog-Hauck's Realencyklopadie (1900).

End of Article: HURDLE RACING

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