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See also:OLIVARES, GASPAR DE GUZMAN , See also:count of Olivares and See also:duke of See also:San Lucar (1587-1645), See also:Spanish royal favourite andminister, was See also:born in See also:Rome, where his See also:father was Spanish See also:ambassador, on the 6th of See also:January 1587. His See also:compound See also:title is explained by the fact that he inherited the title of count of Olivares, but was created duke of San Lucar by the favour of See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip IV. He begged the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king to allow him to preserve his inherited title in See also:combination with the new See also:honour—according to a practice of which there are a few other examples in Spanish See also:history. Therefore he was commonly spoken of as el condeduque. During the See also:life of Philip III. he was appointed to a See also:post in the See also:household of the See also:heir apparent, Philip, by the See also:interest of his maternal See also:uncle See also:Don Baltasar de Z$niga, who was the See also:head of the See also:prince's See also:establishment. Olivares made it his business to acquire the most See also:complete See also:influence over the See also:young prince. When Philip IV. ascended the See also:throne in 1621, at the See also:age of six-teen, he showed his confidence in Olivares by ordering that all papers requiring the royal See also:signature should first be sent to the count-duke. Olivares could now boast to his uncle Don Baltasar de Zflniga that he was " all." He became what is known in See also:Spain as a valido — something more than a See also:prime See also:minister, the favourite and alter ego of the king. For twenty-two years he directed the policy of Spain. It was a See also:period of See also:constant See also:war, and finally of disaster abroad and of See also:rebellion at See also:home. The Spaniards, who were too thoroughly monarchical to blame the king, held his favourite responsible for the misfortunes of the See also:country. The count-duke became, and for See also:long remained, in the See also:opinion of his countrymen, the accepted See also:model of a grasping and incapable favourite. Of See also:late, largely under the See also:inspiration of Don See also:Antonio Canovas, there has been a certain reaction in his favour. It would certainly be most unjust to blame Olivares alone for the decadence of Spain, which was due to See also:internal causes of long See also:standing. The See also:gross errors of his policy—the renewal of the war with See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland in 1621, the persistence of Spain in taking See also:part in the See also:Thirty Years' War, the lesser See also:wars undertaken in See also:northern See also:Italy, and the entire neglect of all effort to promote the unification of the different states forming the See also:peninsular See also:kingdom—were shared by him with the king, the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church and the commercial classes. When he had fallen from See also:power he wrote an See also:apology, in which he maintained that he had always wished to see more See also:attention paid to internal See also:government, and above all to the complete unification of See also:Portugal with Spain. But if this was not an afterthought, he must, on his own showing, stand accused of having carried out during long years a policy which he knew to be disastrous to his country, rather than See also:risk the loss of the king's favour and of his See also:place. Olivares did not See also:share the king's See also:taste for See also:art and literature, but he formed a vast collection of See also:state papers, See also:ancient and contemporary, which he endeavoured to protect from destruction by entailing them as an See also:heirloom. He also formed a splendid See also:aviary which, under the name of the " hencoop," was a favourite subject of ridicule with his enemies. Towards the end of his period of favour he caused See also:great offence by legitimizing a supposed See also:bastard son of very doubtful paternity and worthless See also:personal See also:character, and by arranging a See also:rich See also:marriage for him. The fall of Olivares was immediately due to the revolts of Portugal and See also:Catalonia in 164o. The king parted with him reluctantly, and only under the pressure of a strong See also:court intrigue headed by See also:Queen See also:Isabella. It was noted with anxiety by his enemies that he was succeeded in the king's confidence by his See also:nephew the count of See also:Haro. There remains, however, a See also:letter from the king, in which Philip tells his old favourite, with frivolous ferocity, that it might be necessary to See also:sacrifice his life in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to avert unpopularity from the royal See also:house. Olivares was driven from See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office in 1643. He retired by the king's order to See also:Toro. Here he endeavoured to satisfy his See also:passion for activity, partly by sharing in the municipal government of the See also:town and the regulation of its See also:commons, See also:woods and pastures, and partly by the See also:composition of the apology he published under the title of El Nicandro, which was perhaps written by an See also:agent, but was undeniably inspired by the fallen minister. The Nicandro was denounced to the See also:Inquisition, and it is not impossible that Olivares might have ended in the prisons of the See also:Holy Office, or on the See also:scaffold, if he had not died on the 22nd of See also:July 1645.
See the Estudios del reinado de Felipe IV. of Don Antonio :Canovas (See also:Madrid, 1889) ; and Don F. Silvela's introduction, much less favourable to Olivares, to his edition of the Callas de Sor Maria de See also:Agreda y del rey Felipe IV. (Madrid, 1885-1886).
End of Article: OLIVARES, GASPAR DE GUZMAN
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