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OYQR

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Originally appearing in Volume V24, Page 740 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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OYQR , flow 1 b See also:

DIAL

dial tg~ ora c illezy with n t twad (shall) The See also:

LONDON

London by-See also:

LAWS

laws regulating drainage are very full and are strictly enforced. They include requirements regarding the See also:

SIZE

size, Drainage See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form, gradient and methods of construction and repair of by-laws. drains, together with regulations affecting the See also:

DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design and fixing of traps, fittings and other apparatus connected with sanitary arrangements. Some of the headings of the different clauses of the by-laws are subjoined:—See also:

WATER

water-closets; See also:

earth-closets; drainage of subsoil; drainage of See also:

SURFACE

surface water; See also:

RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain-water pipes; materials, &c., for drains; size of drains; drain to be laid on See also:

bed of See also:

concrete 6 in. thick; if under buildings to be encased with 6 in. of zoncrete; drain to be benched up with concrete to See also:

HALF

half its See also:

DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter; fall of drain; See also:

JOINTS

joints of drain; drain to be water-tight; thickness and See also:

WEIGHT

weight of See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron pipes; thickness of sockets and joints of stoneware pipes; drains under buildings; See also:

composition of concrete; every inlet to drain to be trapped; drain beneath See also:

wall to be protected by See also:

arch, flagstone, or iron See also:

LINTEL (0. Fr. lintel, mod. linteau, from Late Lat. limitellum, limes, boundary, confused in sense with limen, threshold; the Latin name is supercilium, Ital. soprasogli, and Ger. Stutz)

lintel; drain connected with See also:

SEWER

sewer to be trapped and means of See also:

ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to See also:

TRAP (0. Eng. treppe or traepee, properly a step, as that or which an animal places its foot and is caught, cf. Ger. Treppe flight of stairs)

trap provided; no right-angled junctions to be formed either See also:

VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical or See also:

HORIZONTAL

horizontal; at least two untrapped openings to be provided for See also:

VENTILATION (Lat. ventilare, from ventus, wind)

ventilation, each fitted with a grating or See also:

COWL (through Fr. coule, from Lat. cucullus or cuculla, a covering; the word is found in various forms in most European languages, cf. Ger. Kugel or Kigel, Dutch kovel, Irish cochal or cochull ; the ultimate origin may be the root kal, found in Lat. clam,

cowl with apertures for passage of See also:

air equal in See also:

AREA

area to that of the See also:

PIPE

pipe to which it is fitted; ventilating shafts to be at least 4 in. in diameter, and if possible all bends and angles to be avoided; ventilating shafts to be of the same material, construction and weight as See also:

SOIL

soil-pipes; no unnecessary inlets to drains to be made within buildings; See also:

WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste-pipes from sinks and lavatories to be of See also:

lead, iron or stoneware, trapped immediately beneath the fitting; See also:

bell traps, See also:

DIP (Old Eng. dyppan, connected with the common Teutonic root seen in " deep ")

dip traps and D traps are prohibited; waste-pipes to See also:

DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge in the open air into a properly trapped gulley; soil-pipes wherever practicable to be situate outside the See also:

BUILDING

building and to be of See also:

DRAWN

drawn lead or heavy See also:

CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast-iron; if fixed internally the pipes to be of lead with wiped joints; iron pipes to have socket joints not less than 22 in. in See also:

DEPTH

depth and to be made with molten lead or flanged joints securely bolted with some suitable insertion; the soil-pipe not to be connected with any rain-water or waste-pipe, and no trap to be placed between the soil-pipe and the drain; the soil-pipe to be circular with an See also:

INTERNAL

internal diameter of not less than 32 in., and to be taken up above the building and its end See also:

LEFT

left open as an outlet for foul air; methods of connecting a lead pipe with an iron one; connexion of stoneware and lead, connexion of iron and stoneware; ventilation of trap of water-closet with an See also:

ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-siphonage pipe of not less than 2 in. diameter and ventilated into the open air or into the soil-pipe at a point above the highest fitting on the soil-pipe; construction of slop sinks and urinals. The by-laws respecting See also:

HEALTH

health and building in New See also:

York See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City are embodied in a large number of clauses. The more detailed health regulations are found in the Sanitary See also:

CODE (Lat. codex)

Code 1903. These are by-laws framed by the See also:

BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board of Health under the authority of See also:

section 1172 of the New York See also:

CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

Charter 1897. These must be taken in See also:

CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with the See also:

STATUTE

statute bearing on See also:

PLUMBING

plumbing in New York City which wasmade by the See also:

DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of Buildings, 1896, and to which there have been several small amendments. Section 141 of the Building Code also deals with sanitation and in the See also:

TENEMENT (Med. Lat. tenetnentum, from tenere, to hold)

Tenement See also:

House See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act 1901, 1902, 1903, See also:

CHAP

chap. 4, secs. 91 to 100 inclusive, deals with sanitary matters. From a See also:

general point of view the requirements of the See also:

AMERICAN

American by-laws as to materials and methods of construction vary in a very slight degree from those in force under the London authorities. It is in the regulations affecting the See also:

EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the See also:

WORK

work that we find a See also:

GREAT

great difference, and these in New York are of a more stringent See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character than in any other See also:

capital.

Thus no sanitary, plumbing or See also:

LIGHTING

lighting work may be undertaken without first submitting for approval to the Department of Buildings See also:

COMPLETE

complete and suitable drawings and particulars of the materials to be used. Such a See also:

NOTICE

notice is necessary even in the See also:

case of See also:

REPAIRS (from Lat. reparare, to make ready again)

repairs and alterations to existing work. As a further See also:

GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee of the work being satisfactory it is ordained that no such work shall be executed except under the superintendence of a registered plumber. Every See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master plumber in the city of New York or others working therein as such must obtain a certificate of competency from the Examination Board and be registered afresh every See also:

YEAR

year during the See also:

month of See also:

March, as without such certificate or See also:

LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence no work can be under-taken; any See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person violating such requirements shall upon conviction be fined for each offence 8250 or undergo three months' imprisonment or both, while in the case of any certificated plumber or his employes wilfully breaking, with his knowledge, any of the rules and regulations See also:

RELATING

relating to drainage and plumbing, the certificate of the master is to be forfeited in addition to the aforementioned See also:

FINE

fine. II. See also:

CONVEYANCE

CONVEYANCE OF SEWAGE.--For Small sewers, Circular pipes of glazed stoneware or of moulded See also:

CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement are used, from 6 in. to 18 in. and even 20 in. in diameter. The pipes are made in See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short lengths, and are usually jointed Pipe sewers. by passing the end or spigot of one into the socket or faucet of the next. Into the space between the spigot and faucet a See also:

RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring of gasket or tarred See also:

HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp should be forced, and the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the space filled up with cement. Other methods of jointing have already been described and illustrated. The pipes are laid with the spigot ends pointing in the direction of the flow, with a See also:

UNIFORM

uniform gradient, and, where practicable, in straight lines. In See also:

SPECIAL

special positions, as under the bed of a stream, cast-iron pipes are used for the conveyance of sewage.

Where the capacity of an r8-in. circular pipe would be insufficient, built sewers are used in See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of stoneware pipes. These are sometimes circular or See also:

OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval, but more commonly of an See also:

egg-shaped section, the invert or See also:

LOWER

lower See also:

side of the sewer being a See also:

CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve of shorter See also:

RADIUS

radius than the arch or upper side. The See also:

ADVANTAGE

advantage of this form lies in the fact that great See also:

variations in the See also:

VOLUME

volume of flow must be expected, and the egg-section presents for the small or dry-See also:

WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather flow a narrower channel than would be presented by a circular sewer of the same See also:

TOTAL

total capacity. See also:

FIGS

Figs.

End of Article: OYQR

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