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BOII (perhaps = " the terrible ")

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Originally appearing in Volume V04, Page 140 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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BOII (perhaps = " the terrible ") , a See also:Celtic See also:people, whose See also:original See also:home was Gallia Transalpina. They were known to the See also:Romans, at least by name, in the See also:time of See also:Plautus, as is shown by the contemptuous reference in the Captivi (888). At an See also:early date they split up into two See also:main See also:groups, one of which made its way into See also:Italy, the other into See also:Germany. Some, however, appear to have stayed behind, since, during the Second Punic See also:War, Magalus, a Boian See also:prince, offered to show See also:Hannibal the way into Italy after he had crossed the See also:Pyrenees (See also:Livy xxi. 29). The first See also:group of immigrants is said to have crossed the Pennine See also:Alps (See also:Great St See also:Bernard) into the valley of the Po. Finding the See also:district already occupied, they proceeded over the See also:river, drove out the Etruscans and Umbrians, and established themselves as far as the See also:Apennines in the See also:modern Romagna. According to See also:Cato (in See also:Pliny, Nat. Hist. iii. 116) they comprised as many as 112 different tribes, and from the remains discovered in the tombs at See also:Hallstatt, La Tene and other places, they appear to have been fairly civilized. Several See also:wars took See also:place between them and the Romans. In 283 they were defeated, together with the Etruscans, at the Vadimonian See also:lake; in 224, after the See also:battle of Telamon in See also:Etruria, they were forced to submit.

But they still cherished a hatred of the Romans, and during the Second Punic War (218), irritated by the See also:

foundation of the See also:Roman colonies of See also:Cremona and Placentia, they rendered valuable assistance to Hannibal. They continued the struggle against See also:Rome from 201 to 191, when they were finally subdued by P. See also:Cornelius Scipio Nasica, and deprived of nearly See also:half their territory. According to See also:Strabo (v. p. 213) the Boii were driven back across the Alps and settled on the See also:land of their kinsmen, the Taurisci, on the See also:Danube, adjoining See also:Vindelicia and See also:Raetia. Most authorities, however, assume that there had been a See also:settlement of the Boii on the Danube from very early times, in See also:part of the modern Bohemia (anc. Boiohemum, " land of the Boii "). About 6o B.C. some of the Boii migrated to See also:Noricum and See also:Pannonia, when 31,000 of them joined the expedition of the Helvetians into See also:Gaul, and shared their defeat near See also:Bibracte (58). They were subsequently allowed by See also:Caesar to See also:settle in the territory of the See also:Aedui between the See also:Loire and the See also:Allier. Their See also:chief See also:town was Gorgobina (site uncertain). Those who remained on the Danube were exterminated by the Dacian See also:king, Boerebista, and the district they had occupied was afterwards called the " See also:desert of the Boii " (Strabo vii. p. 292).

In A.D. 69 a Boian named Mariccus stirred up a fanatical revolt, but was soon defeated and put to See also:

death. Some remnants of the Boii are mentioned as dwelling near See also:Bordeaux; but See also:Mommsen inclines to the See also:opinion that the three groups (in Bordeaux, Bohemia and the Po districts) were not really scattered branches of one and the same stock, but that they are instances of a See also:mere similarity of name. The Boii, as we know them, belonged almost certainly to the Early See also:Iron See also:age. They probably used See also:long iron swords for dealing cutting blows, and from the See also:size of the handles they must have been a See also:race of large men (cf. See also:Polybius ii. 30). For their ethnological See also:affinities and especially their possible connexion with the Homeric See also:Achaeans see W. Ridgeway's Early Age of See also:Greece (vol. i., 1901). See L. Contzen, See also:Die Wanderungen der Kelten (See also:Leipzig, 1861); A. Desjardins, Giographie historique de la Gaule romaine, ii.

(1876–1893) ; T. R. See also:

Holmes, Caesar's See also:Conquest of Gaul (1899), pp. 426-428; T. Mommsen, Hist. of Rome, ii. (Eng. trans. 5 vols., 1894), p. 373 See also:note; M. lhm in Pauly-Wissowa'z Realencyclop¢die, iii. pt. I (1897); A. Holder, Alt-celtischer Sprachschatz.

End of Article: BOII (perhaps = " the terrible ")

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