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See also:BUCHEZ, PHILIPPE See also:JOSEPH See also:BENJAMIN (1796-1865) , See also:French author and politician, was See also:born on the 31st of See also:March 1796 at Matagne-la-Petite, now in See also:Belgium, then in the French See also:department of the See also:Ardennes. He finished his See also:general See also:education in See also:Paris, and afterwards applied himself to the study of natural See also:science and See also:medicine. In 1821 he co-operated with See also:Saint-Amand See also:Bazard and others in See also:founding a See also:secret association, modelled on that of the See also:Italian See also:Carbonari, with the See also:object of organizing a general armed rising against the See also:government. The organization spread rapidly and widely, and displayed itself in repeated attempts at revolution. In one of these attempts, the affair at See also:Belfort, Buchez was gravely compromised, although the See also:jury which tried him did not find the See also:evidence sufficient to See also:warrant his condemnation. In 1825 he graduated in medicine, and soon after he published with Ulisse Treat a Precis elementaire d'See also:hygiene. About the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he became a member of the Saint-Simonian Society, presided over by Bazard, See also:Barthelemy Prosper See also:Enfantin, and Olinde Rodrigues, and contributed to its See also:organ, the Producteur. He See also:left it in consequence of aversion to the See also:strange religious ideas See also:developed by its " Supreme See also:Father," Enfantin, and began to elaborate what he regarded as a See also:Christian See also:socialism. For the exposition and advocacy of his principles he founded a periodical called L'Europeen. In 1833 he published an Introduction a la science de l'histoire, which was received with considerable favour (2nd ed., improved and enlarged, 2 vols., 1842). Notwithstanding its prolixity, this is an interesting See also:work. The See also:part which treats of the aim, See also:foundation and methods of the science of See also:history is valuable; but what is most distinctive in Buchez's theory—the See also:division of See also:historical development into four See also:great epochs originated by four universal revelations, of each See also:epoch into three periods corresponding to See also:desire, reasoning and performance, and of each of these periods into a theoretical and See also:practical age—is merely ingenious (see See also:Flint's See also:Philosophy of History in See also:Europe, i. 242-252). Buchez next edited, along with M. Roux-Lavergne (1802–1874), the Histoire parlementaire de la Revolution frangaise (1833–1838; 40 vols.). This vast and conscientious publication is a valuable See also:store of material for the See also:early periods of the first French Revolution. There is a See also:review of it by See also:Carlyle (Miscellanies), the first two parts of whose own history of the French Revolution are mainly See also:drawn from it. The editors worked under the See also:inspiration of a strong admiration of the principles of See also:Robespierre and the See also:Jacobins, and in the belief that the French Revolution was an See also:attempt to realize See also:Christianity. In the Essai d'un traite cornplet de philosophie au point de vue du Catholicisme et du progres (1839–184o) Buchez endeavoured to co-See also:ordinate in a single See also:system the See also:political, moral, religious and natural phenomena of existence. Denying the possibility of innate ideas, he asserted that morality comes by See also:revelation, and is therefore not only certain, but the only real certainty.
It was partly owing to the reputation which he had acquired by these publications, but still more owing to his connexion with the See also:National newspaper, and with the secret See also:societies hostile to the government of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis Philippe, that he was raised, by the Revolution of 1848, to the See also:presidency of the Constituent
See also:Assembly. He speedily showed that he was not possessed of the qualities needed in a situation so difficult and in days so tempestuous. He retained the position only for a very See also:short time. After the See also:dissolution of the assembly he was not re-elected. Thrown back into private See also:life, he resumed his studies, and added several See also:works to those which have been already mentioned. A Traite de politique (published 1866), which may be considered as the completion of his Traite de philosophie, was the most important of the productions of the last See also:period of his life. His brochures are very numerous and on a great variety of subjects, medical, historical, political, philosophical, &c. He died on the 12th of See also:August 1865. He found a See also:disciple of considerable ability
in M. A. Ott, who advocated and applied his principles in various writings.
See also A. Ott, " P. B. J. Buchez," in See also:Journal See also:des economistes for 1865.
End of Article: BUCHEZ, PHILIPPE JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1796-1865)
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