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numbers at but a few thousands. They were first carefully studied by the members of the Nordenskjold expedition (1878-79), who describe them as tall, lean, with somewhat irregular features—hence de Quatrefages classes them as " Allophylian Whites." The accounts of their See also:

PHYSICAL

physical characteristics are somewhat confused owing to the presence of the true See also:

ESKIMO, ESKIMOS

Eskimo in the Chukchi domain. The typical Chukchi is See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round-headed, and thus distinct from the See also:

long-headed Eskimo, with broad, See also:

FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat features and high cheek-bones. The See also:

NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose is often so buried between the puffed cheeks that a ruler might be laid across the See also:

FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face without touching it. The lips are thick, and the brow See also:

low. The See also:

HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair is coarse, lank and See also:

black. The See also:

general See also:

MUSCULAR

muscular development is See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, though usually the See also:

BODY

body is stunted. It has been suggested that they emigrated from the See also:

south, possibly from the See also:

Amur basin. In their arctic homes they long carried on See also:

war with the Ongkilon (Ang-See also:

KALI (black)

kali) See also:

ABORIGINES

aborigines, gradually merging with the survivors and also mixing both with the Kasmen See also:

Koryaks (q.v.) and the Chuklukmuit Eskimo settled on the See also:

ASIATIC

Asiatic See also:

side of Bering Strait. Their racial characteristics make them an ethnological See also:

LINK

link between the See also:

MONGOLS

Mongols of central See also:

ASIA

Asia and the See also:

INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians of See also:

AMERICA

America.

Some authorities affiliate them to the Eskimo because they are believed to speak an Eskimo See also:

DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect. But this is merely a See also:

trade See also:

JARGON

jargon, a hotchpotch of Eskimo, Chukchi, Koryak, See also:

ENGLISH

English and even Hawaiian. The true Chukchi See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, of which Nordenskjold collected a thousand words, is distinct from Eskimo and akin to Koryak, and Nordenskjold sums the problem up with the remark—" this See also:

RACE

race settled on the primeval route between the Old and New See also:

WORLD

World bears an unmistakable See also:

STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp of the Mongols of Asia and the Eskimo and Indians of America." The Chukchi are divided into the " Fishing Chukchi," who have settled homes on the coast, and the " See also:

REINDEER

Reindeer Chukchi," who are nomads. The latter breed reindeer (herds of more than Io,000 are not uncommon), live on the flesh and See also:

MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk, and are generally fairly prosperous; while the fishing folk are very poor, begging from their richer kinsfolk hides to make tents and clothes. The Chukchi were formerly warlike and vigorously resisted the Russians, but to-See also:

day they are the most peaceable of folks, amiable in their See also:

MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners, affectionate in See also:

FAMILY

family See also:

LIFE

life and good-humoured. But this gentleness does not prevent them from killing off the old and infirm. They believe in a future life, but only for those who See also:

die a violent See also:

DEATH

death. Thus it is regarded as an See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of filial piety for a son to kill his See also:

PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent or a See also:

NEPHEW

nephew his See also:

UNCLE

uncle. This tribal See also:

CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom is known as kamitok; and of it Mr Harry de Windt writes (Through the See also:

Gold See also:

FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

Fields of See also:

ALASKA

Alaska to Bering Strait, 1898), " The doomed one takes a lively See also:

INTEREST

interest in the proceedings, and often assists in the preparation for his own death. The See also:

EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution is always preceded by a feast, where See also:

seal and See also:

WALRUS, or MORSE (Odobaenus rosmarus)

walrus See also:

MEAT

meat are greedily devoured, and See also:

WHISKY, or WHISKEY

whisky consumed till all are intoxicated. A spontaneous burst of singing and the muffled See also:

roll of walrus-hide drums then See also:

HERALD (O. Fr. heraut, herault; the origin is uncertain, but O.H.G. heren, to call, or hariwald, leader of an army, have been proposed; the Gr. equivalent is Kddpvi : Lat. praeco, caduceator, fetialis)

herald the fatal moment. At a given See also:

SIGNAL

signal a See also:

RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring is formed by the relations and See also:

friends, the entire See also:

settlement looking on from the background.

The executioner (usually the victim's son or See also:

BROTHER

brother) then steps forward, and placing his right See also:

FOOT

foot behind the back of the condemned, slowly strangles him to death with a walrus thong. A kamitok took See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place during the latter See also:

PART

part of our stay." The Chukchi are nominally Christians, but See also:

SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice animals to the See also:

SPIRITS

spirits of the See also:

rivers and mountains, and also practise See also:

SHAMANISM

Shamanism. In See also:

PERSONAL

personal habits the people are indescribably filthy. They are polygamous, but the See also:

WOMEN

women are treated kindly. The See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children are speciallypetted, and are so wrapped up to protect them from the See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold that they have been described as resembling huge balls crossed by a See also:

bar, their arms having to remain outstretched owing to the bulk of their wrappings. Chukchi women are often tattooed with two black-See also:

BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue See also:

CONVEX

convex lines See also:

RUNNING

running from the See also:

eye to the See also:

CHIN

chin. Since their See also:

ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of See also:

CHRISTIANITY

Christianity the men sometimes have a Latin See also:

CROSS

cross tattooed on their chins. The Chukchi See also:

BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn their dead or expose them on platforms to be devoured by ravens. See Harry de Windt, Through the Gold Fields of Alaska to Bering Strait (1898) ; Dittmar, " Ober die Koriaken u. ihnen See also:

NAHE

nahe verwandten Tchouktchen," in Bul. Acad. Sc. (St See also:

PETERSBURG

Petersburg), xii. p.

99; See also:

HOOPER, JOHN (d. 1555)

Hooper, Ten Months among the Tents of the Tuski ; W. H. Dail, Contributions to North See also:

AMERICAN

American See also:

ETHNOLOGY

Ethnology, vol. i. (1877).

End of Article: CHUKCHI, CHANKTUS ( Men ")

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