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HAHNEMANN, SAMUEL CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH...

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Originally appearing in Volume V12, Page 819 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HAHNEMANN, See also:SAMUEL See also:CHRISTIAN See also:FRIEDRICH (1755-'843) , See also:German physician and founder of " See also:homoeopathy," was See also:born at See also:Meissen in See also:Saxony on the loth of See also:April 1755. He was educated at the " elector's school " of Meissen, and studied See also:medicine at See also:Leipzig and See also:Vienna, taking the degree of M.D. at See also:Erlangen in 1779. After practising in various places, he settled in See also:Dresden in 1784, and thence removed to Leipzig in 1789. In the following See also:year, while translating W. See also:Cullen's Materia medica into German, he was struck by the fact that the symptoms produced by See also:quinine on the healthy See also:body were similar to those of the disordered states it was used to cure. He had previously See also:felt dissatisfied with the See also:state of the See also:science of medicine, and this observation led him to assert the truth of the " See also:law of similars," similia similibus curantur or curentur—i.e. diseases are cured (or should be treated) by those drugs which produce symptoms similar to them in the healthy. He promulgated his new principle in a See also:paper published in 1796 in C. W. See also:Hufeland's See also:Journal, and four years later, convinced that drugs in much smaller doses than were generally employed effectually exerted their curative See also:powers, he advanced his See also:doctrine of their potentization or dynamization. In 1810 he published his See also:chief See also:work, See also:Organon der rationellen Heilkunde, containing an exposition of his See also:system, which he called homoeopathy (q.v.), and in the following years appeared the six volumes of his Reine Arzneimittellehre, which detailed the symptoms produced by "proving" a large number of drugs, i.e. by systematically administering them to healthy subjects. In 1821 the hostility of established interests, and especially of the apothecaries, whose services were not required under his system, forced him to leave Leipzig, and at the invitation of the See also:grand-See also:duke of See also:Anhalt-See also:Cothen he went to live at Cothen. Fourteen years later he removed to See also:Paris, where he practised with See also:great success until his See also:death on the 2nd of See also:July 1843.

Statues were erected to his memory at Leipzig in 1851 and at Cothen in 1855. He also wrote, in addition to the See also:

works already mentioned, Fragmenta de viribus medicamentorum positivis (18o5) and See also:Die ch.ronischenKrankheiten (1828-183o). See the See also:article HOMOEOPATHY; also Albrecht, Hahnemann's Leben and Werken (Leipzig, 1875); See also:Bradford, I-Iahnemann's See also:Life and Letters (See also:Philadelphia, 1895). See also:HAHN-HAHN, See also:IDA, COUNTESS VON (18o5-188o), German author, was born at Tressow, in See also:Mecklenburg-See also:Schwerin, on the 22nd of See also:June 1805, daughter of See also:Graf (See also:Count) Karl Friedrich-von Hahn (1782-18J7), well known for his See also:enthusiasm for the See also:stage, upon which he squandered a large portion of his See also:fortune. She married in 1826 her wealthy See also:cousin Count Adolf von Hahn-Hahn. With him she had an extremely unhappy life, and in 1820 her See also:husband's irregularities led to a See also:divorce. The countess travelled, produced some volumes of See also:poetry indicating true819 lyrical feeling, and in 1838 appeared as a novelist with Aus der Gesellschaft, a See also:title which, proving equally applicable to her subsequent novels, was retained as that of a See also:series, the See also:book originally so entitled being renamed Ida Schonholm. For several years the countess continued to produce novels bearing a certain subjective resemblance to those of See also:George See also:Sand, but less hostile to social institutions, and dealing almost exclusively with aristocratic society. The author's patrician affectations at length See also:drew upon her the merciless ridicule of Fanny See also:Lewald in a See also:parody of her See also:style entitled Diogena (1847), and this and the revolution of 1848 together seem tc have co-operated in inducing her to embrace the See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:religion in 1850. She justified her step in a polemical work entitled Von See also:Babylon nach See also:Jerusalem (1851), which elicited a vigorous reply from H. See also:Abeken. In 1852 she retired into a See also:convent at See also:Angers, which she, however, soon See also:left, taking up her See also:residence at See also:Mainz where she founded a nunnery, in which she lived without joining the See also:order, and continued her See also:literary labours.

For many years her novels were the most popular works of fiction in aristocratic circles; many of her later publications, however, passed unnoticed as See also:

mere party manifestoes. Her earlier works do not deserve the neglect into which they have fallen. If their sentimentalism is some-times wearisome, it is grounded on genuine feeling and expressed with passionate eloquence. See also:Ulrich and Grafin Faustine, both published in 1841, See also:mark the See also:culmination of her See also:power; but See also:Sigismund See also:Forster (1843), See also:Cecil (1844), Sibylle (1846) and Maria See also:Regina (186o) also obtained considerable popularity. She died at Mainz on the 12th of See also:January 1880. Her collected works, Gesammelte Werke, with an introduction by 0. von Schaching, were published in two series, 45 volumes in all (See also:Regensburg, 1903-1904). See H. Keiter, Grafin Hahn-Hahn (Wiirzhurg, undated) ; P. Haffner, Grafin Ida Hahn-Hahn, eine psychologische Studie (See also:Frankfort, 188o) ; A. Jacoby, Ida Grafin Hahn-Hahn (Mainz, 1894).

End of Article: HAHNEMANN, SAMUEL CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1755-'843)

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