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surface of the cheek, opposite the second upper molar tooth, is the papilla which marks the opening of the parotid duct, while, just behind, are four or five molar glands, larger than the buccal, the ducts of which open opposite the last molar tooth. The mucous membrane of the cheek, like that of the rest of the mouth, is of the stratified squamous variety (see See also:

EPITHELIAL, ENDOTHELIAL

EPITHELIAL TISSUES) and is reflected on to the gums. The gums (A.S. gbma) consist of mucous membrane connected by thick fibrous tissue to the periosteum of the jaws. See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round the See also:

BASE

base of the_crown of each tooth the membrane rises up into a little See also:

COLLAR

collar. The See also:

VESTIBULE (from Lat. vestibulum)

vestibule of the mouth is the space between the lips and cheeks superficially and the gums and See also:

TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth deeply.

It communicates with the true cavity of the mouth by the clefts between the teeth and by the space behind the last molar teeth. The roof of the mouth is See also:

CONCAVE

concave transversely and anteroposteriorly, and is formed by the hard and soft See also:

PALATE (Lat. palatum, possibly from the root of pascere, to feed)

palate. The hard palate consists of mucous membrane continuous with that of the gums and See also:

BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to the periosteum of the See also:

PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

palatine processes of the maxillae and palate bones by See also:

FIRM

firm fibrous tissue. In the mid-line is a slight See also:

ridge, the palatine raphe, which ends in front in a little See also:

EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence called the palatine papilla, marking the position of the anterior palatine canal. From the anterior part of the raphe five or six transverse ridges or rugae of the mucous membrane run outward. (For a description of the soft palate see PHARYNX.) The See also:

FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of the mouth can only be seen when the See also:

TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue is raised, then the reflection of the mucous membrane from the gums to it is exposed. In the mid-line is a prominent See also:

FOLD

fold called the fraenum linguae, and on each side of this a sublingua papilla, on to the See also:

SUMMIT

summit of which the duct of the submaxillary gland opens. See also:

RUNNING

Running outward and backward from this is a ridge called the plica sublingualis, which marks the upper edge of the sublingual gland, and on to which most of the ducts of that gland open. (For a description of the TONGUE and the TEETH see See also:

SPECIAL

special articles on those structures.) The salivary glands are the parotid, submaxillary and sub-lingual, though the small scattered glands such as the labial, buccal, molar, lingual, &c., probably have a similar See also:

FUNCTION

function. The parotid gland (Gr. irapc beside, ols See also:

EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear), is the largest of these glands, and is situated between the ear and the See also:

RAMUS, PETRUS, or PIERRE DE LA RAMEE (1515-1572)

ramus of the mandible. In a transverse See also:

section through the See also:

head about the level of the mouth the gland looks more or less triangular, its See also:

OUTER

outer See also:

wall or base being bounded by the parotid fascia, its anterior by the See also:

JAW (Mid. Eng. jawe, jowe and geowe, O. Eng. cheowan, connected with " chaw " and " chew," and in form with " jowl ")

jaw, and its posterior by the mastoid See also:

PROCESS

process and sterno mastoid muscle. Where the anterior and posterior walls meet to form the See also:

APEX

apex is the styloid process.

Above the gland reaches to the zygoma, and below to the level of the See also:

ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of the jaw, where a strong process of the deep cervical fascia, called the stylo-mandibular See also:

LIGAMENT (Lat. ligamentum, from ligare, to bind)

ligament, separates it from the submaxillary gland; indeed the parotid is often described as lying in a bag formed by deep cervical fascia. The outline of the gland is obscured by several processes, one of which, the facial See also:

LOBE

lobe, runs forward, superficial to, the masseter muscle, accompanying the duct. A See also:

SEPARATE

separate part of this is called the socia parotidis; another, known as the pterygoid lobe, passes forward, deep to the ramus of the jaw, to the space between the two pterygoid muscles. A third wraps round the front of the styloid process and may be From A. See also:

BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham See also:

Cunningham's See also:

TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

Text See also:

BOOK

Book of Anatomy. The greater portion of the See also:

BODY

body of the mandible has been removed to expose the sublingual and the deeper parts of the submaxillary glands. Four ducts of the sublingual gland are shown opening on the floor of the mouth over the gland, a fifth is shown opening into the anterior end of See also:

Wharton's duct. The course of Wharton's duct is shown by a dotted line. termed the pre-styloid lobe, while a See also:

FOURTH

fourth, the See also:

POST

post-styloid, insinuates itself behind that process. The upper part of the prestyloid lobe sometimes reaches the back part of the glenoid cavity, and is then called the glenoid lobe. All these processes, however, are very variable, and depend a See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

DEAL

deal on the position of the head and See also:

NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck. The facial See also:

NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve, the temporo-maxillary vein, and the termination of the See also:

EXTERNAL

external See also:

CAROTID

carotid artery, among other structures, are embedded in the gland.

The parotid duct (Stensen's duct) crosses the upper part of the masseter and then pierces the buccinator on its way to the mouth; it is about 2 in. See also:

long. Its position is described in the See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on ANATOMY (Superficial and See also:

ARTISTIC

Artistic), and its opening in the earlier part of this article. The submaxillary gland lies deep to the posterior See also:

HALF

half of the body of the See also:

LOWER

lower jaw; it is about the size of a See also:

WALNUT (Juglans)

walnut, and has an external, See also:

INTERNAL

internal and inferior surface. The external surface rests against the submaxillary fossa in the jaw, the internal is in contact with the mylohyoid and See also:

HYOGLOSSUS

hyoglossus muscles, while the inferior is subcutaneous. The whole gland is enclosed in a See also:

sac of deep cervical fascia, while a process, from which the duct arises, passes deep to the mylohyoid. The facial artery is embedded in the upper part of the gland. The submaxillary duct (Wharton's duct) runs forward to the sublingual papilla already mentioned. The sublingual gland is placed further forward than the sub-maxillary; it is like an See also:

ALMOND (from the O. Fr. almande or alemande, late Lat. amandola, derived through a form amingdola from the Gr. l uybian, an almond; the al- for a- is probably due to a confusion with the Arabic article al, the word having first dropped the a- as in the It

almond in shape though larger; its outerflattened surface rests against the sublingual fossa in the lower jaw, while the inner one is in contact with the genio-hyoglossus muscle, the submaxillary duct and the lingual nerve. Its upper edge forms the sublingual fold (plica sublingualis) in the mucous membrane of the mouth, and along this its ducts, which are small and numerous, open; these are sometimes called the ducts of Rivini, but the See also:

TERM

term " sublingual ducts " is simpler and more expressive. Occasionally an anterior sublingual duct (duct of Bartholin) opens with or into the submaxillary duct. See also:

EMBRYOLOGY

Embryology. The fore-gut (see ALIMENTARY CANAL) at first ends blindly, ventral to the region of the See also:

HIND

hind See also:

BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain, while in front of it is the overhanging fore-brain.

When the See also:

heart develops, ventral to the fore-gut, it also projects forward toward the fore-brain, so that a transverse cleft, without any lateral boundaries and lined by ectoderm, is See also:

LEFT

left between these two structures. This is the ctomatodaeum or See also:

PRIMITIVE

primitive mouth, the ectoderm of which rests against the entoderm of the fore-gut to form the bucco-pharyngeal membrane, and so separates the two See also:

chambers. The position of thislmembrane does not correspond to the See also:

FAUCES (a Latin plural word for " throat "; the singular faux is rarely found)

fauces or hinder limits of the adult mouth, but is much more oblique, so that the front part of the roof of the pharynx is formed by stomatodaeum while the greater part of the floor of the permanent mouth is fore-gut. During the third See also:

WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week the membrane disappears, and it is probable that to its See also:

early See also:

ATROPHY (Gr. It- priv., rpo4, nourishment)

atrophy is due the fact that no traces of it can be seen in the adult. Growing down from the region of the fore-brain is the See also:

FRONTO, MARCUS CORNELIUS (c. A.D. 100–170)

fronto-nasal process, which forms the See also:

NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose and the See also:

MIDDLE

middle piece of the upper lip, while the lateral parts of the mouth are closed in by two processes, on each side of which the lower or mandibular process rapidly meets its See also:

FELLOW

fellow in the mid-line to form the lower jaw and lip, thus separating the heart from the mouth cavity. The upper or maxillary process grows inward more slowly, but at last joins with the fronto-nasal process, and in the adult the lines of See also:

union are seen on each side as ridges of skin which run down from the nostril to the margin of the lip, and enclose that slightly depressed See also:

VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical See also:

GUTTER (O. Fr. goutiere, mod. gouttiere, from Lat. gutta, drop)

gutter to which the term philtrum is given. Besides forming the philtrum the fronto-nasal process is responsible for that part of the roof of the mouth which corresponds to the premaxillary bones, an See also:

AREA

area marked out by lines See also:

DRAWN

drawn on each side from between the lateral incisor and canine teeth to the palatine papilla. At first the cavities of the mouth and nose are one, but they are later divided by the palatal processes, which grow in like shelves from the maxillary processes and meet in the mid-line. The submaxillary and sublingual salivary glands develop as solid outgrowths of the buccal epithelium which are canalized later, while the parotid according to Hammar (Archiv. f. mikr. Anat. LXI., 1902) appears first as a groove. The parotid is ectodermal in origin, all the others entodermal.

For further details and literature see See also:

QUAIN, SIR RICHARD, BART

Quain's Anat. vol. i. (See also:

LONDON

London, 19o8); J. P. McMurrich Development of the Human Body (London, 1907) ; O. Hertwig, Handbuch der Entwickelungslehre Th. II., (See also:

JENA

Jena). See also:

COMPARATIVE

Comparative Anatomy. In the See also:

ACRANIA

acrania (See also:

AMPHIOXUS, or LANCELET

amphioxus) the mouth is See also:

DEVELOPED

developed on the left side and gradually shifts to the mid-line; later an extra chamber, the oral See also:

hood, is formed in front of it, the external opening of which is provided with bristle-like cirrhi, so that in the adult the mouth is merely an See also:

APERTURE (from Lat. aperire, to open)

aperture in the velum or membrane which separates the oral hood from the pharynx. In the See also:

CYCLOSTOMATA, or MARSIPOBRANCHII

cyclostomata (lampreys and hags) the mouth is a suctorial See also:

ORGAN

organ, and resembles a See also:

FUNNEL (through an O. Fr. founil, found in Breton, from Lat. infundibulum, that through which anything is poured, from fundere, to pour)

funnel, the narrow end of which opens into the pharynx. It is always open and is provided with horny teeth and a tongue. At this See also:

low See also:

STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of the vertebrate See also:

scale no jaws have yet appeared, but in the larval See also:

LAMPREY

lamprey (ammocoetes) an oral hood, resembling that of amphioxus, is See also:

PRESENT

present. In the fishes jaws are present and the mouth can be closed at will.

In the elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) the opening is crescentic and situated well on the ventral surface of the head, but in other fishes it is at the ,anterior end of the body. Until the dipnoi (mud See also:

fish) are reached there is no communication between the mouth and the nose, but in these fishes the internal or posterior pares open into the front part of the roof of the mouth, thus adapting them to See also:

air-breathing. In the See also:

AMPHIBIA

Amphibia the mouth has usually an enormous gape, and the position of the posterior pares resembles that of the dipnoi. It will be noticed that at this stage of phylogeny the See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition resembles that of the ontogeny of See also:

man before the palatal processes appear. The premaxillary part of the fronto-nasal process separates the nasal cavity from the mouth in front, but behind that the cavity is the rudiment of the mouth and nose which no palate has yet appeared to separate. In See also:

REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

Reptiles the hard palate appears, and henceforward the See also:

DIGESTIVE

digestive and See also:

RESPIRATORY

respiratory tracts only form one passage in the pharynx. In mammals definite lips provided with muscles first appear, though the Monotremes have such specialized mouths that lips are not found in that See also:

order. Many monkeys have the vestibule enlarged to form the cheek pouches. (F. G. P.) See also:

Surgery of the Mouth. In surgical operations upon the interior of the mouth which are likely to be accompanied with much bleeding, it is much the Masseter (cut)_ Mucous membrane (cut) Deep process of submaxillary gland Mylohyoid muscle (cut) Submaxillary gland Lower border of mandible Mylohyoid muscle Anterior belly of digastric Hyoid See also:

bone Duct of Bartholin (rare) Wharton's duct Duct of sublingual gland Sublingual gland See also:

CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom now to have the patient lying upon his back, with the head See also:

HANGING

hanging over the end of the table, so that the See also:

BLOOD

blood may sink into the See also:

DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome of the pharynx and See also:

ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape by the nostrils, instead of running the See also:

RISK

risk of finding its way into the See also:

WINDPIPE

windpipe and lungs.

(See CLEFT PALATE.) See also:

MUMPS (syn. Cynanche parotidaea, parotitis; also, " The Branks ")

Mumps.—Inflammation of the parotid gland is See also:

apt to occur as an epidemic, See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children being chiefly attacked. The disease, which is highly infectious, is called mumps, and is associated with much swelling below and in front of the ear, or ears. There is stiffness of the jaw and there is a difficulty in swallowing. There is slight See also:

LOCAL

local tenderness, and the temperature may, perhaps, run up a degree or two. For the See also:

SAKE

sake of others, the See also:

child should be kept away from school for three or four See also:

WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks. Salivary Calculus.-Sometimes a See also:

DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of phosphate and carbonate of See also:

lime slowly takes See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place from the saliva, and gives rise to the formation of a small See also:

CONCRETION

concretion in the duct of one of the salivary glands. When the concretion blocks the duct, so that the saliva is unable to find its way into the mouth, a fluid swelling forms behind the blockage, giving rise to inconvenience and unsightliness. The swelling is at its greatest during a See also:

MEAL

meal, when the secretion of the saliva is necessarily rapid; subsequently it disappears, recurring, however, at the next meal-See also:

time. In many cases the patient is conscious of the fact of there being a hard, movable " See also:

KERNEL (O.E. cyrnel, a diminutive of " corn," seed, grain)

kernel," the size, perhaps, of a barleycorn, a See also:

CHERRY

cherry-See also:

stone or even of a small almond, in the course of the duct. In the removal of the calculus every endeavour should be made to effect its escape into the mouth, as, if the skin were incised for its extraction, the See also:

WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound might refuse to heal, a salivary See also:

FISTULA (Lat. for a pipe or tube)

fistula resulting. (E.

End of Article: MOUTH AND SALIVARY GLANDS

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